Abstract

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Ubiquitous Simulation-Based Immersive Model (U-SIM) to enhance Internet of Things (IoT) design skills in vocational education. The model integrates ubiquitous learning, web-based simulation, and experiential learning to support flexible and practical skill development. Expert evaluation indicated a high level of overall appropriateness (M = 4.48, SD = 0.55), with feasibility receiving the highest rating (M = 4.60, SD = 0.52), demonstrating strong practical applicability. The use of the Wokwi web-based simulator enabled cost-effective implementation without reliance on physical hardware, allowing learners to practice anytime and anywhere. The effectiveness of the model was examined using a pretest-posttest design. Results showed a significant improvement in learning achievement from pre-test (M = 9.67, SD = 1.75) to post-test (M = 15.40, SD = 1.50), t(29) = 13.80, p < .001. This indicates a substantial learning gain in IoT design knowledge. The improvement can be explained through experiential learning theory, as the model supports active engagement, immediate feedback, and iterative problem-solving through simulation-based activities. Overall, the findings confirm that the U-SIM Model is both theoretically grounded and practically effective, offering a scalable solution for IoT education in resource-constrained vocational contexts.

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