Abstract

Political parties remain indispensable to representative democracy, yet their evolving role has become a central driver of democratic decline. Once the guardians of accountability, many parties now function as instruments of personalization, elite entrenchment, and institutional decay. This article examines how the internal dynamics of party leadership—manifested through clientelism, opportunistic candidate selection, and the erosion of programmatic commitments—accelerate the normalization of illiberal practices. Drawing on comparative evidence and democratic theory, it argues that reversing this trend requires a culture of principled leadership grounded in ethical recruitment and transparent accountability. To that end, the article introduces two complementary frameworks: the Political Party Leadership Code (PPLC), which articulates ten normative principles for ethical leadership selection, and the Leadership Scoring Metric (LSM), which operationalizes these standards into measurable criteria. Together, these instruments offer a pathway for institutional and cultural reform, enabling parties to reclaim their gatekeeping function and restore public trust in democratic governance.

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