Review of European Studies, Issue: Vol.18, No.1

Exploring the Role of Virtual Influencers in Consumer Behavior in Morocco

Thu, 04 Jun 2026 14:27:25 +0000

This study examines the impact of virtual influencers on purchase intention in the context of Morocco. The goals also included examining how engagement and purchase intention relate to critical characteristics such as human-like relatability, authenticity and trust. The Computers as Social Actors theory, source credibility theory and the parasocial relationship theory formed the theoretical basis of this research. A Partial Least Squares based Structural Equation Model (PLS SEM) assessment was conducted on 359 responses. The study finds that Authenticity, Trust and Human-like characteristics have a positive and statistically significant impact on engagement. An analysis of the path dependence reveals that engagement strongly influences purchase intention. The results also show that consumers attribute importance to the recommendations of the virtual influencer. These findings have profound managerial implications as virtual influencers are slowly taking centerstage in emerging markets.

Face-to-face and Online Friendship Experiences of Generation Z Adolescents

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 23:53:28 +0000

The purpose of the present study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the face-to-face (FTF) and online friendship experiences, and the sense of connectedness of Gen Z adolescents. The adolescents who participated in the study had been subjected to social closures during the COVID period, which periodically prevented them from meeting their friends FTF. Six hundred seventeen adolescents aged 14-17 participated in the study, 65% of them male. Data for the quantitative study were collected in Israel in 2022-2023. The findings indicate that most adolescents regarded FTF communication and online communication to be part of their natural environment, with preference for the most appropriate medium according to the need at hand and the characteristics of the medium. Most study participants indicated FTF communication as the preferred way to express emotions and feelings, more so than online communication. The adolescents believed that conversations about emotions and feelings were safer and more protected in FTF communication than online.

Computer Behavior Assessment of School Children 3rd Edition (BASC-3), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Second/Adolescent Editions (MMPI-2/A) and Other Tests Tract Development

Tue, 23 Jun 2026 23:44:31 +0000

A convenience sample of 53-infants (39-boys, 14-girls, X age=3.34+0.71-years), 70-children (46-boys, 24-girls, X age=7.97+2.17-years), 11-teens (6-boys, 5-girls, X age=16.18+1.08-years), 20-adults (8-men, 12-women, X age=31.38+10.36-years), N=154, took Behavior Assessment of School Children 3^rd Edition (BASC-3) preschool, child, or adolescent parent rating scales, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Adolescent/2^nd Editions (MMPI-A/2), Ammons Quick Test (QT) of receptive vocabulary, Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale-5^th Edition, Denver Development Screening 2^nd Edition, Wide Range Achievement Test 5^th Edition (WRAT-5) Reading, Spelling, Math Computation, and Sentence Comprehension, Berry Buktenica Visual Motor Tests (VMI), Motor Coordination, Child Autistic Rating Scale 2^nd Edition (CARS-2), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale 3^rd Edition (GARS-3), Children Neuropsychological Questionnaire, Neuropsychological Questionnaire, and BASC-3 Structured Developmental History. Means, standard deviations, and correlation matrices are consistent with a developmental picture for applied behavior analysis, special education services, mental health interventions, planning, and progress tracking improving functioning of autism and co-occurring ADHD, developmental delay and mental health illnesses.

A Path Model of Academic Performance Among Part-Time Students in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions: The Role of Facilities, Peer Influence, and Teacher-Student Relationships

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 11:00:04 +0000

Academic performance of part-time students in Nigerian tertiary institutions has been very abysmal for decades despite several efforts by individuals, organisations, and the government to advance educational outcomes in the country’s tertiary institutions. This ugly situation has been attributed to several factors. However, limited studies have not evaluated the mediating roles of school facilities, peer influence and teacher-student relationships. This study was conducted to investigate the mediating roles of these factors and how the directly and indirectly influence their academic performance, using path analytical model. Data was collected from 372 undergraduate students using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative, cross-sectional, and survey-based research design was employed for the study, while the collected data was analyzed using path analysis. The result revealed that both the direct causal path ways effects of school facilities, peer influence and teacher-student relationships were statistically significant, while the indirect effects was also statistically significant as well. Based on the result, it was recommended among others that leaders of schools and government bodies should ensure that proper teaching and learning facilities are available and kept in good condition. These include up-to-date classrooms, well-stocked libraries, health services, technology tools, and recreational areas.

Green Bonds as Hedging and Safe-Haven Assets: Evidence from Equity–Bond Co-Movements in Small Open Economies during COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine Crisis

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 04:10:47 +0000

Green bonds have emerged as a significant instrument in sustainable finance, yet their role in portfolio risk management, particularly in highly developed Small Open Economies (SOEs) economies, remains underexplored. This study investigates whether green bonds can reliably hedge against routine equity-market fluctuations and whether they act as safe-haven assets during episodes of extreme stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war. Focusing on daily returns for equity indices from twelve highly developed Small Open Economies (SOEs) countries and a global green bond index over the period 2014–2023, employed by dynamic conditional correlations (DCC), fixed-effects panel regressions with crisis interaction terms, and country-level OLS robustness checks with Newey–West corrections. The results indicate that green bonds provide partial hedging benefits in tranquil periods for a subset of markets (e.g., Norway, the Netherlands, Finland, Belgium, Iceland), while others exhibit weak or even positive co-movement with equities (e.g., Denmark, Israel). During the COVID-19 crisis, safe-haven performance is heterogeneous, with some countries showing improved protection and others experiencing a reversal. The Russia–Ukraine war produced weaker and less consistent shifts. Robustness checks—advancing the COVID-19 onset to 1 February 2020 and re-estimating the specification at the country level with HAC (Newey–West) inference—left the qualitative conclusions unchanged. Overall, green bonds in highly developed Small Open Economies (SOEs) markets offer limited and context-dependent hedging capacity, and their safe-haven properties are not consistent across crises. These findings carry implications for investors seeking resilient sustainable portfolios and for policymakers considering the integration of green bonds into financial stability frameworks.

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 03:48:16 +0000

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1