Institutional Structure Models in Implementation of Spatial Planning

In the implementation of spatial planning involves two components: natural and human, with their interaction. Interaction of the both causes a conflict of interest and will also affect the ecosystem and social system. The spatial plan needs to be regulated as an institution to achieve the spatial orderly. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study was to obtain structural institutional models in the implementation of spatial regulations. Data obtained by depth interviews in 75 (seventy five) interviewees. Data processed by the methods of ISM (Interpretive Structural Model). The conclusions of this research are: (i) the regulation direction which is the task of the government in spatial planning must consider the welfare of the people, the human right, and indigenous peoples rights as outlined in the form of spatial structure plan, spatial pattern plan, and the establishment of strategic areas. Spatial planning will go well in the event orderly. Orderly space will be achieved when people pay attention to the direction of zoning, the direction of licensing, intensive disincentives, the direction of sanctions, minimum service standards and monitoring procedures. (ii) The control and supervision of a government authority that is guided by the spatial structure plan, spatial pattern plan, and the determination of strategic areas as outlined in the form national spatial planning, wich in details contained in the main indication of the development program, land uses, water control, air uses, and spatial planning provincial strtegic areas. (iii) The position of the government in spatial planning, in accordance goverment of the structure beginning with spatial of national planning and thereafter in accordance with the following order: longterm development plan/annual, spatial plans (regency/city), reference of the traditional village, the main indication of the development program, land uses, water control, air uses, and spatial planning provincial strtegic areas.


Introduction
In the organization of spatial planning involves two important components.The two components are: (i) earth (nature), as a region or area that can not be separated from ecosystem problems that include functional units of interaction between plants, animals and the natural surroundings; and (ii) human beings, who basically can not live alone, but live in groups, which can not be separated from social system problems as a result of human interaction.The social system is divided into four subsystems, such as Parsons (in Sutami, 1977: 12), so that a person can serve as economic beings, beings political, social beings, and human culture.Muslion (2008), explains that at the core of national development planning documents is a development plan compiled in an integrated manner by ministry/agencies and development planning by local governments in accordance with their authority.According to Law No. 26 of 2007(2007: 1), which in consider that the regional autonomy policy giving greater authority to regional governments in the implementation of spatial planning.The local authorities need to be regulated in order to maintain harmony and cohesion between regions and between the central government and local governments.This is why the importance of institutions as a rule within the framework of spatial planning, so as not to cause regional disparities are primarily related to the development of the region.
An institutional role within the community includes regulations that establish the community in conducting interaction.Space is limited environmental components and cannot be refurbished and must be utilized optimally and sustainably.Implementation of spatial planning is an effort to achieve goals through spatial planning, space utilization, and control of space utilization.In the implementation of spatial arrangement involves two components of nature and human, and the interaction of both.The interaction of these two components leads to a conflict of interest and will also affect the ecosystem and social systems.For that matter in the spatial arrangement needs to be arranged institutionally to achieve orderly space.Based on the problem, the purpose of this research is to get model of institutional structure in the implementation of spatial arrangement.

Literature Review
Institutions include two streams of relationships between economic and institutional.That is, this approach addresses the institutional impact on the economy and vice versa institutional development to respond to economic experiences (Kasper and Streit, 1998: 30).Witte (1998: 31-32) explains that institutional economics does not focus on what some economists call "economic motives" -concentration to earn income, profit motive, or maximize something that has material value.Similarly, the thinking of Yustika (2008: 38), where during this time, non-economic motives are seen as unimportant factors in the operation of economic law, but is recognized as an essential part of the total situation that must be considered in taking the correct explanation of the economic and Laws governing these non-economic aspects.
Institutional is one of the variables that can drive economic growth.Institutional differs from the variables of education, natural resources, population, technology, which is a simple variable and can be separated with social reality.According to Acemoglu (2003: 27), good institutions are institutions that are characterized by three things: (i) incentives for the community due to ownership: (ii) limiting the actions of politicians, elites, and interest groups to gain benefits without correct; (iii) provide equal opportunities to communities in enhancing their individual capacities.Institutional is a social capital that can make an important contribution in economic development (Ikhsan, 2000: 36-37).Alston (1996: 25) explains that, almost all social scientists agree that understanding of institutions is critical to understanding economic development and identifying the economic performance of an economy.However, when institutional research by many social scientists is too extreme and abstract, it will be less useful for policy formulation.Samuel (1995: 573) in Prasad (2003: 744-745) explains that resources are allocated through various institutional structures and within the various power structures that live in society.In fact, in developing countries most of the resources are held only by local leaders and in government offices.In fact, there is often collusion between entrepreneurs and holders of power over the process of allocation of State resources.On the other hand, institutions pay more attention to obstacles that hinder institutional conditioning, which primarily focuses on the importance of institutional frameworks of interaction between individuals (Hodgson 1998: 180-181: Williamson, 1998: 75).Therefore institutional economics approach is often criticized by defenders of conventional economics (orthodox approach) just as described not analyze.
In this case, it may be true that institutional economists rely solely on search efforts and present from the facts that are levied, but in fact institutional experts also have an enormous empathy for statistics, not just field studies.Only the important thing is fact, not just assumptions.Institutional economics studies and seeks to understand institutional roles within the broader systems and economic organization or systems.Institutions that usually grow spontaneously over time, thus the institutional role becomes important and strategic because it exists and works in all areas of life.Prasad (2003: 744-745) explains that resources are allocated through various institutional structures and in various power structures that live in society.It is important to realize that the institutional is not static, but dynamic in accordance with the interaction that brings together the interests.The dynamic nature of the institutional caused by changes in the values and culture of the society corresponding with the changing times.In this condition the institution has two dimensions: (i) configuration changes between actors; (Ii) deliberately designed to organize activities.Institutional spatial arrangement is a cycle of activities embodied in the form of space structure and spatial patterns as natural processes and social processes.Rustiadi and Wafda (2007) explain, space and effort changes have actually materialized before a formal planning of changes in a structured so-called spatial planning.As long as man is regarded as the most decisive center in spatial planning, it is essential to direct the worldview (self-value) of himself, society, and resources in space and regulate his human behavior through institutional and institutional change.

Methodology
This research was conducted in Bali Province covering 8 (eight) districts and 1 (one) city.Data sources are divided into two, namely primary data and secondary data.Primary data is obtained by conducting in-depth interviews on the sources.Resource persons consist of three groups: (i) the policy-making group (provincial government) consists of 10 resource persons; (ii) the group of policy recipients (district / municipal government) consists of 20 resource persons; and (iii) the expert group consists of 45 resource persons.Secondary data obtained from literature study consisting of legislation and previous research results.This study involves 2 (two) components that interact with each other.The two components are: (i) spatial planning component, comprising: spatial planning aspect, spatial use aspect, and spatial control aspect, and (ii) institutional component, consisting of task aspect, authority aspect, and position aspect.Data obtained from in-depth interviews were processed by ISM (Interpretive structural Model) method with stages: (i) element classification; (ii) the establishment of structural models; and (iii) the interpretation of the structural model.

Institutional and Spatial Elements
From secondary data, identified 27 (twenty seven) elements related to the institution in the implementation of spatial planning obtained according to Table 1.

Institutional Structure Models in Spatial Planning
1. Institutional Structure Models (Planning-Tasks) Figure 1.Institutional structure models (planning tasks) Figure 1 can be explained that: the task of the government in spatial planning is for the welfare of the people, human rights and the rights of indigenous peoples (level 4).Welfare of the people, human rights, and the rights of indigenous peoples is the primary measure used in planning the spatial structure, spatial pattern, and the establishment of a strategic area (level 3).The next level 3 is as basis in determining the direction of government policy (level 2) in the exercise its authority (level 1).
2. Institutional Structure Models (Planning-Authorities) Figure 2. Institutional structure models (planning-authorities) Figure 2 can be explained that: the government's authority in spatial planning that are a set of the direction polisies (level 1) that details plan contained in the spatial structure plan, spatial pattern plan, and The establishment of strategic areas (level 2).Authority to execute control and supervision (level 4) will be done well if the spatial structure plan, spatial pattern plan, and establishment of strategic areas (level 2) specified in the form SPSR (Spatial Plan of Strategic Region) and indications of the main program. jsd.ccsenet.192.
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Table 1
Institutional elements in the implementation of spatial planning