Lexical-Semantic Aspect of the Concept "Actions, Behavior" (On the Material of the Tatar and English Phraseological Units with the Component-Zoonym)

The urgency of the problem under investigation is stipulated by the fact that the study of concepts through their linguistic explicates is currently one of the problems of the modern cognitive linguistics, which in turn, helps to reveal the very structure of the concept. A comparison of the equivalent concepts in the Tatar and English language pictures of the world allows disclosing their cultural identity. The purpose of the article is to determine the lexical-semantic features of the concept “actions, behavior” as well as identify the universal and national characteristics in representation of the analyzed concept through phraseological means of the Tatar and English languages. The science-based approach will dominate in the process of this problem investigation. We used the general scientific methods of research in the study, such as descriptive-analytical and comparative. The authors also applied the methods of component, contextual and statistical analysis. The method of idiomatic modeling is partially used in the article as well. The main results of the article. The names of the animals within the phraseological units are mainly used in figurative sense. As a rule, certain characteristics and features of people are transferred through a definite image of an animal. We have revealed universal and national features in the analyzed concepts and their representations by phraseological means of the Tatar and English languages. About 25 animal names have been involved in the Tatar and English phraseological units. The materials of this article can be useful for students, master program undergraduates, post-graduate students while learning Tatar and English. Information on "language pictures of the world" of various linguocultural communities can be applied in the methods and practice of teaching above-mentioned languages.


Introduction
Phraseological units with a component-zoonym are of particular interest for the linguistic-cultural and cognitive studies due to their versatility, frequency of use and phraseological units formation processes productivity involving zoonyms in modern languages, as well as a variety of cultural connotations they are able to "code".The study of the afore-named phraseological units also fosters identification of the basic mechanisms and features of the human internal and external world understanding, human behavior and relationship in the society."Language is very closely linked with culture: it grows into it, develops in it and expresses it," writes V. A. Maslova (Maslova, 2004).
A man is able to understand the world and himself through language, which secures socio-historical experience, both universal and national.
Interest towards the language picture of the world has been detected in the works by W. Humboldt, who wrote that "different languages are the organs of the original thinking and perception for a nation" (Humboldt, 1984).
It should be noted that phraseological units plays special role in creation of a language picture of the world."The phraseological units meaning nature is closely associated with the background knowledge of the native speaker, his practical experience of the individual, cultural and historical traditions of the nation, speaking this language" (Galimova, 2004).Phraseology "primarily explores communicative processes and links of language expressions used in them with synchronously existing mentality of the nation" (Telija, 1996).
World reflected through the lens of the secondary sensations mechanism imprinted in metaphors, similes, symbols -is the main factor determining the versatility and peculiarity of any particular national language picture of the world.Herewith, it is important to distinguish between the human factor and the national identity in different language pictures of the world.Human activity is both universal and specific.This interaction results in creation of the world language pictures having both typologically common and individual characteristics.
The phraseological units semantics reflect a long process of cultural development of the nation; they record, and transmit cultural attitudes and stereotypes from generation to generation."The inexhaustible depths of phraseology bear the great knowledge regarding the everyday life of different nations, their traditions and customs, behavior etiquette, moral and ethical foundations" (Zykova, 2003).

Methodological Framework
The following tasks have been performed in the process of study: review the process of phraseological units formation within the scope of cognitive and linguistic-cultural aspects; identify the features of the language verbalization in the studied concepts and make their systematic description in the Tatar and English languages; reveal the manifestation of universal and national characteristics in the analyzed concept and its representations through phraseological means of the Tatar and English languages.
We used such scientific methods of research as descriptive-analytical and comparative.The authors also used the methods of component, contextual and statistical analysis in the process of study.
The method of phraseological modeling is partially used in the article as well.The method of culture study analysis has been applied for study of the national consciousness content.
The card catalogue data compiled by the authors using the method of continuous sampling from Tatar and English dictionaries served the empirical basis of the research.

Results
First of all, it should be noted that the representation of the concept in the language is attributed to the word, thus the word getting the status of the concept name -a language sign, most fully and adequately transmitting the contents of the concept.Some of the concepts include lexical units, their meaning constituting the content of the national language consciousness and forming a native speakers' "naive picture of the world".We assumed the fact that the word itself as well as its verbal definition fixes the results of the cognitive efforts of the human mind.Key lexical units are culturally marked components contributing to the revealing of the national outlook and way of thinking.
In English the analyzed concept is expressed through lexical units of action and behavior.Action means: "1. the process of doing something, especially in order to achieve a particular thing; 2. something that someone does; 3. fighting during a war; 4. legal or formal process to decide whether someone has done something wrong; 5. exciting things that are happening; 6. the events in a story, film, play etc; 7. way something moves or works; 8. the effect that a substance, especially a chemical, has on something" (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2009).According to the dictionary definitions, behavior expresses the following meanings: "1.way somebody behaves, especially towards other people; one's attitude and manners; 2. way somebody/something acts or functions in particular situations" (Oxford Advanced Learners ' Dictionary, 1995).The circumnuclear zone of the analyzed concept is revealed via lexical units conduct, deed, act, demeanor, deportment.
The variability of the images designating actions and behavior is peculiar to the analyzed languages.
It should be noted the component analysis given below shows that the phraseological units of the identical meaning are formed on the different image bases which is usually a specific national feature of world perception.
It is possible to notice also the existence of images` coincidence in both languages: -бүре баласын бүреккə салсаң да, урманга карый -no matter how long you feed a wolf, he'll always have his eye on the forest; -бүрене аягы туйдыра -wolves depend on their legs for a living; -бата башлаган корабтан качкан күселəр кебек -rats desert a sinking ship; -тəгəрмəч эчендəге тиен кебек -like a squirrel in a cage; -дуңгызлар алдында энҗе чəчү -cast one's pearls before swine; -эт өрер, бүре йөрер -the dog barks, but the caravan goes on; -бүредəн куркып урманга бармый тормыйлар -he that's afraid of wolves should keep out of the woods.
-атны урлаткач, абзарны биклəмилəр -to lock the stable door after horse has been stolen.
The irresponsible behavior and criminal actions are discussed in both cultures.
The lexical unit "Dog" has a positive connotation in the following phraseological units: barking dogs seldom bite; to die dog for somebody.There are no phraseological units with a positive connotation in the Tatar language.Phraseological units with the zoonym "dog" in its negative connotation are rather frequent: эт симерсə иясен талый/et simerse ijasen talyij; to keep a dog and bark oneself; to lead/give someone a dog's life; the scalded dog is afraid of cold water; dogs that put up many hares kill none; to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds; to like something as much as a dog likes (getting) of a beating.Some phraseological units of the "actions, behavior" thematic group are formed according to the semantic model (frame): "to influence someone by any process": төлке мае сөртү/tolke mae sortu; эт симерсə иясен талый/et simerse ijasen talyij; дуңгызлар алдында энҗе чəчү /dungyzlar aldynda enge chachu; ак эт бəласе кара эткə/ ak et balase kara etka; to lead/give someone a dog's life.
It is interesting that the expression "love me, love my dog" conceals the following historic fact.This fixed phrase is attributed to the founder of Cistercian Order Saint Bernard Klervossky who said that "As usual the dog is being treated here as the most insignificant of all human possessions".It is necessary to be tolerant of others shortcomings and if you want to please the owner, nurse a lap-dog (Skitina, 2007).
A curious fact is that a struggle for mutual destruction, a fight to the death is personified in English by "cat": the expression Kilkenny cats apparently goes back to the legend of the fierce fight between the cities of Kilkenny and Irishtown in the 17 th century which led to their destruction.In the Tatar language elan/елан (snake) personifies the enemy: kara elan/кара елан.Tatars used to speak in the following way about a person who does not appreciate being treated well: ishak tushak kaderen belmas/ишəк түшəк кадерен белмəс (literally: a donkey can't appreciate a featherbed).It is possible to allocate the following phraseological unit based on the degree of semantic identity in English: set a pig at a table and it will put its trotters on it.

Discussions
The interest of linguistics to studying phraseological units has not reduced.Moreover, there has been much research of the problems of their ethnic and cultural originality, which is caused by the increased aspiration to observing the questions of language interrelation and culture.
As is known, this article considers the lexical-semantic aspect of the concept "actions, behavior".
It should be noted, that the linguistic and culture study analysis of phraseological units with the component-zoonym in the Tatar language compared to the phraseological units of the English language allowing to identify the specific features of the national-cultural component content in the phraseological units in these languages has not yet been the object of a separate study.

Conclusion
Simple identifying of different characteristics of the language system cannot be considered currently the aim of the linguistic analysis.Anthropocentric paradigm is the key one in modern linguistics.Cultural linguistic studies and cognitive linguistics provide a new look at the phraseological material and expose it more thorough analysis in the light of new linguistic trends.
There is a uniform cognitive system of concepts in the Tatar and English languages.They are both universal elements of the cognitive base, and have a specific idiomatic-ethnical content, which manifests that creative thinking of Tatars and the Englishmen is characterized by their national identity, which has been reflected in the phraseological systems.
The material confirms that Tatar and English languages differ in variability of images expressing the analyzed concept.Thus, upon comparing the obtained concepts of the behavior and actions description, we can come to a conclusion about their similarities and differences.

Recommendations
The practical importance of the work results consists that they can be used in theoretical and practical courses of general linguistics, on practice and theory of translation, lexicology, comparative linguistics, linguocultural studies, cognitive linguistics, and in special courses on phraseology.Information on "language pictures of the world" of various linguocultural communities can be applied in the methods and practice of teaching above-mentioned languages.The concrete linguistic material can be used in lexicographic practice.