Conceptual Bases of State Management in the Sphere of National Security: The Anglo-American Approach

This article has both a general theoretical, conceptual, and branch character. It is a complex interdisciplinary study aimed at conceptual approaches establishment to the understanding of national security and the mechanisms for its provision in foreign countries such as the United States and Great Britain. Within the framework of the prepared article, its authors carried out a comparative analysis of strategic legal regulation experience concerning the national security issues of these foreign countries, the use of which is necessary in view of the new global challenges within a national legal system. The specifics of the Anglo-American approach to public administration in the sphere of national security provision are established and systematized.


Introduction
Security (in all of its manifestations -state, national, economic, environmental, information, demographic, etc.) is one of the most important categories of modern science and practice.Being the dominant of society life activity, security cannot remain unchanged under the various conditions of its transformation, therefore its content needs to be refined constantly.
In the ancient world, the understanding of human security did not go beyond an ordinary view and was interpreted by him as the absence of danger or evil for him; In this sense, the term "security" was used by ancient Greek philosophers for example: Plato in his philosophical-legal arguments about the structure and the goals of an ideal state (the "State" dialogue); Aristotle, who saw the main threat of social stability in a wrong state system (Marias, 2012).
The notion of "security" has gained wide acceptance due to philosophical concepts created by T. Hobbes, D. Locke, J. J. Rousseau, B. Spinoza, G.V.F.Hegel and other thinkers of the 17th and the 18th centuries, in whose works security is viewed as a state of tranquility, arising from the absence of a real danger (both physical and moral one).Of course, it was somewhat premature to talk about the development of national security full understanding at that time, but in subsequent scientific research the ideas of the above-mentioned thinkers on the interrelationship between the security of society and an individual, on the role of a state in their provision and on the limits of its competence, on the relationship of a state and society in this sphere were actualized.
Thus, according to T. Hobbes, "power... is good, because it is a means of a safe life provision, but our peace of mind rests on security" (Hobbes, 1990).D. Locke, on the contrary, admits the opposition of "people and state security" (Lock, 1988).
In political and legal developments, written by I. Kant the need to identify an internal and external security of a state and civil society, the interdependence of each state national security with the security of the international community, the doctrine of universal world as the only reliable basis for security are seen clearly (Kant, 1966).G. Hegel viewed the state as "a moral self-conscious substance".In his opinion the destruction of public morality through the undermining of family foundations, the moral degradation of a person, the loss of religious feelings, etc., leads to the disintegration of the spiritual foundations that ensure the stability of a state both before external threats and before internal contradictions (Hegel, 1977).Thus, the concept of "security" in Western European political consciousness has become an integral part of liberal consciousness along with democracy and human rights a long time ago.An example of this is the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which security is related to the unity of the world, the tranquility of people and the state welfare (Bill of Rights).A similar provision is contained in the American Declaration of Independence (1776), in which the creation of safety guarantees is proclaimed by the right and the duty of the people, and the provision of security and happiness to people is the task of power (The Declaration of Independence).
In general, the concept of national security is a product of Western legal science and practice, where the formula of the nation (population) and state identity adopted in the states of Western Europe and the USA takes place.Thus, in French law, all citizens of France, regardless of origin, language and ethnic-cultural features, are French, and France is recognized as a monoethnic country.A similar situation of nation and state identity is observed in the United States.Any man who has an American passport is considered as the US citizen and who is not burdened by his original history, ethnic culture, or ancestral traditions any longer.Thus, the notion of "national security" in the American and Western European versions practically "absorbs" the category of "state security" in terms of its significance.This conclusion can be confirmed by the content of the US military doctrine, according to which all national resources should be used not only in the interests of defense, but also in military expansion interests to provide maximum support to the United States policy of national interest provision and strategic goal achievement, to win a war and use it at best politically, and also to reduce the risk of being defeated (Dictionary of Military Terms, 1987).
In other words, the notion of "national security" reveals the meaning of the national approach to security in the United States and Western European countries -their internal and external interests, strategic goals and objectives in terms of war and peace.

Methods
In the process of research, the classical methodology of system and process qualitative analysis was used, in particular, the system-analytical approach to the study of research objects.
The methodological foundations of the study include: system-holistic approach to legal phenomena, which allows to consider them as the systems that have not only internal but also external relations; sociological approach to law, its research in action, evolution (functioning); comparative legal approach that involves the exchange of information at the level of the world legal science and the search for new parameters to compare the phenomena of legal reality from different countries.

Discussion and Results
The term "national security" is quite "young".It was used in 1904 for the first time in the message to the US Congress by President T. Roosevelt.The modern American model of national security is based on methodological developments of the mid-20th century by American political scientist G. Morgenthau, in which national security is understood as the danger for citizens, society and a state (Nobel, 1995).
The provisions of the US Constitution do not use the notion of "national security".At the same time, it provides for "the right of the State in the event of an invasion or such an imminent danger, at which a delay is not permissible, to keep troops or warships during peacetime without the consent of Congress, to enter into any agreements with another State or a foreign power, or to wage a war" (section 10, article 1).Besides, the first amendment of the US Constitution states that "a well-organized people's militia is necessary for the safety of a free state, and the right of the people to keep and wear arms should not be violated" (United States Constitution).
The issues of US national security provision are the subject of the annual US President's address to Congress.Thus, the Address of December 2, 1823 proclaimed the first and an actual conceptual document in the sphere of the USA national security provision -Monroe Doctrine, in which the following obligations of the United States and European Countries were specified: mutual non-interference in internal affairs, the requirements for combat readiness for armed forces and their financing, and, in general, the national interests, whose protection was to ensure the security, prosperity and freedom of the American people as a country mission at the present stage (Monroe Doctrine, 2017).
In official documents the notion of "national security" appears after World War II, when the first law "On National Security" (National Security Act of 1947) was adopted in the United States, which under national security understood the condition of a state operation, acting as the result of defensive (protective) measures that increase the invulnerability of a state from external or internal threats within in an open and a subversive form (National Security Act of July 26, 1947).
Then, for a long time, the main vector of national security system development was determined by the geopolitical resistance of two superpowers (the USA and the USSR) and was the priority of foreign policy and military-political approaches to national security problems in most countries of the world.This approach in the determination of the national security main priorities for Western foreign countries changed in the early 90s of the 20th century, when the USSR ceased to exist.Thus, the priority of Western European and American value protection and communism counteraction shifted towards the assertion and protection of its own supremacy in the world.
So, during the 90ies of the twentieth century the United States proclaimed the transition to the economic basis of national security provision, namely: the struggle to ensure the superior position of Americans and their companies in all parts of the world.Thus, the concept of the USA national security was transformed from the doctrine of deterrence and opposition to communism to the strategy of US hegemony expansion.
The US national security strategy, promulgated in September 2002, consolidated the following main points: a) the main threats to US security come from rogue states and terrorist networks; B) The USA will not allow to achieve military parity by any country; C) The USA intends to use military force first to prevent hostile actions, even if an attack on the United States is not being prepared or impossible at the moment; D) The United States intends to remain the only country in the world that has the right to use force against threats before they are developed fully, and will not allow other nations to use anticipation as an excuse for aggression (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.September 17, 2002).
Thus, the preventive approach principle was in the basis of an analyzed documents, thereby ensuring self-defense, the United States is ready to strike at enemy even if the time and place of its attacks on a state are unknown for sure.
On March 16, 2006, an updated version of the US National Security Strategy was published in Washington.According to the US President the new edition is a wartime strategy that is designed to ensure the security of Americans in terms of evolving challenges and threats of the new millennium (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.March 16.2006).
The main threats were represented by terrorism, inspired by an aggressive ideology of hatred and violence, and the proliferation of dangerous weapons.The foundations on which the national security modern strategy of the United States should be based were the following ones: the protection of freedom, justice and dignity of people in various regions of the world; the historically conditioned world leadership of the United States in the growing community of democratic states, confronting contemporary global threats (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.March 16. 2006).
Later, in 2010, US President Barack Obama proposed a broad review of US strategic priorities.For example, the US National Security Doctrine emphasizes that the United States must resurrect its own economic, moral and innovative power if it wants to continue to play a leading role in the world; As well as after the Second World War, the United States must develop a new international order and a system of world institutions that reflect the reality of the 21st century, in which "the greatness of America is not guaranteed" (National security strategy May 2010).
It is noteworthy that the B. Obama's doctrine of 2010 represents a break with a unilateral military approach that his predecessor advocated after the attacks of September 11, 2001.In particular, the document says: "Military superiority must be preserved, and the US remains the only state capable of large-scale military operation conduction at a long distance.However, when we abuse our military power or do not use additional tools or act without partners, our armed forces are excessively strained.Americans bear a heavy burden, and our world leadership is too much associated only with military force" (National security strategy May 2010).
The Strategy of 2010 defined four permanent national interests which are related inextricably: security, prosperity, values and international order.It also indicates that the central element of the administration strategy will be the US interaction expansion with other key influence centers, including China, India and Russia, as well as with the countries whose influence is growing, such as Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia.Along with this, they mention a previously announced shift from G-8 to G-20, which is becoming the "main forum for international economic cooperation" (National security strategy May 2010).
Following the chosen direction, on February 6, 2015, Obama administration announced the updated version of the US National Security Strategy, the adoption of which is conditioned by a number of new challenges on the international arena, the solution of which demands the playing of a leading role in the world as was noted in the strategy (National Security Strategy, 2015).
Significant changes relate to the section of Strategy on the security and the national interests of the United States.The main tasks of the USA in this direction include: the strengthening of national defense, the strengthening of internal security, the combat with terrorism, the increase of potential for conflict prevention, the prevention of mass destruction weapon use and proliferation, the opposition to climate changes, the provision of access to shared areas, including information, space, air and sea areas, as well as the strengthening of the world health protection.
The peculiarity of the Strategy 2015 is a new approach to the world political system, namely, the turn towards the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the maintaining of allied relations with Europe, the promotion of peace in the Middle East and North Africa, the investment in the future of the African region, the increase of cooperation in the spheres of economy and security on the American continent.
The analysis of the essence concerning the modern concept of national security in the United States allows us to come to the following conclusion.At present, US foreign policy focuses on military power as the main means of national interest provision; at that national security is identified by the military security actually.This fact, from our point of view, testifies to the separation of the United States from the ideals of democracy, which regard a personality, society and a state not only as an object, but also as a subject of security.Similar trends are also observed in the conceptual framework of state governance within the sphere of the UK national security during the modern period.Thus, on November 23, 2015, the government of the United Kingdom promulgated the "National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review" 2015 -SDSR-2015 (National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015).They, in particular, determine the main trends for the development of the British armed forces and security agencies until 2025.
It should be noted that until 2015, the UK had National Security Strategy, a large-scale program document covering the entire spectrum of security threats in the modern world, including climate change, poverty, natural disasters, terrorism, cyberattacks, which was based not on the old concept of "civil defense" during the Cold War, but on a new scheme combining the readiness of special services to emergency situations involving ordinary citizens in security provision on the ground for the first time in history.
Due to the growing terrorist threat, the Strategy of 2015 substantially changed (in contrast to the Strategy of 2008) the most important priorities for the development of the British armed forces.According to new Strategy, these priorities are the following ones: the commissioning of aircraft carriers like Queen Elizabeth; Total purchase of 138 air fighters (fifth-generation); the prolongation of the Eurofighter Typhoon air fighters (Royal Air Force) service period until 2040; The acquisition of nine American base patrol aircraft Boeing P-8A Poseidon for the Royal Air Force; The development of two strike brigades for the rapid deployment in the composition of land forces by 2025; A general increase of forces for the "rapid deployment", from 30 thousand people according to SDSR-2010 to 50 thousand men, etc.
Consequently, the key areas of the updated UK national security strategy (as in the United States) are the rearmament and the modernization of the armed forces in order to protect against terrorism and external threats.

Conclusions
After the analysis of the national security concepts of the United States and Great Britain, a number of conclusions can be drawn.
First of all, a characteristic feature of the English-American approaches to national security provision in recent years is the appeal to internal problems, including environmental ones, including the prevention and the elimination of man-caused and natural disaster consequences on a global scale.
Secondly, during the modern period the foreign policy of the United States and Great Britain has the emphasis on military power as the main means of national interest provision; At that, national security is actually identified by the military security, which, we believe, is the shift from the ideals of democracy, based on the recognition of an individual, society and a state, not only as the objects, but also as the subjects of security.
Thirdly, on the basis of the US and UK doctrine content in the field of national security, it follows that they recognize the principle of a single pole world.