City and Urban Social Justice , Analyzing and Evaluating Regional Inequalities ( Case Study : Eight Urban Deteriorated Districts of Zahedan City )

Dissolution of distribution system of urban services centers has been one of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of Iranian cities within recent decades. It has brought about social inequalities for cit izens in terms of taking advantage of such services. The public urban services forms the physical, social and spatial nature of a city; hence, unfair distribution of such services will impose an irrecoverable influence on both the structure and nature of the city and class -based segregation of districts of the city on the one hand and has brought about serious challenges for the urban management. This study tries to explain life quality levels in the urban deteriorated fabric of Zahedan City based on 38 life quality indexes and their relationship with the urban land uses per capita across different districts; 10-use per capita has been used. Over-18-year-old citizens liv ing in deteriorated districts of Zahedan City constitutes populatio n of this study. Totally 258789 people live in such districts. A total of 384 people were selected as the sample of the study using random sampling and Cochran’s formula. A descriptive-analytical method was followed to conduct the study. Initially, exploratory studies and preliminary visits were arranged and then it was followed by the field study, using survey method. Entropy and COPRAS methods were used to determine the sample size of the questionnaires given population of each district and finally to analyze and rank d istricts. The results showed that per capita d istribution of urban services across the districts 4, 3 and 5 was better than the standard per capita issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and they were closer to the ideal con dition. However, there was a large gap between d istribution per cap ita in districts 2, 1, 7 and 8 and the standard per capita and the positive ideal and they have not ideal condition. According to the life quality indexes, accessing to primary schools is the most important item for the citizens and this item is not ideal in these districts and is the first item in the urban services accessibility indexes. Finally, the results of rat ing districts based on urban per capita and life quality indexes ind icate that there is a weak relationship between urban per capita and life quality indexes; as only a district out of eight ones showed an equal rate.


Introduction
Most social justice theories are based on the fact that social and economic inequity of a society can affect its spatial organizat ion and also any alteration in both spatial organizat ion and socioeconomic relations and income distribution are directly effective in the society (Harvey, 1998: 112).In our time, the most important cause crises in the human societies is rooted in the social inequalities and lack of justice; as the Great Prophet of Islam (PBUH) says, "Monarchy may survive where there is infidelity, but oppression will ruin it."If in a society there is a wide gap between the rich and the needy, in a way that people feel relat ive deprivation and/or distributive injustice and fail to meet their stimulated needs, so, the socioeconomic system and the state as a whole will soon decline (Hobabi et al. 2011: 104).In general, social justice tries to develop a fair society which relies on equity and cohesion principles and understanding of human rights' values and recognizes dignity and valu e of each human being (Zajda et al., 2006: 22).Since balanced spatial distribution of urban services is of the most important signs of the social justice in a city, social justice in a city means continuance of respecting interests of various social classes based optimal extension of urban resources, incomes and expenses (Gary, 2002: 27).What is important in fair distribution of facilities, as a strategy to realize social justice) is how services and capabilities are distributed among various districts and areas of a city (Harvey, 2000: 97).Therefore, social justice in a city is a synonym of fair spatial distribution of facilities and resources among different areas of the city and people's access to them (Sharifi, 2006: 6).As a result, the most importan t mission of urban planners and managers is endeavor to access the ideal of "equal opportunities" in terms of accessibility of various groups of the urban society to social services and removing any conflict in providing equal educational, health, service, etc. opportunities.To do so, meeting equity principles and equal access to urban biologic opportunities are among the key prio rit ies (Hataminejad et al. 2008: 88).
Richardson believes that "equity" is a complicated and confusing concept."Equity" shall b e mentioned, however explaining it deeply is impossible, because its exp lanation in philosophy and ethics has ended in stalemate.Hudson refers to three faces of equity: equality o f income, equal reward for effort, and the distribution impact of the supply of public services.The first face is the aim and ideal of an egalitarian society.The second one emphasizes the equality of opportunity rather equality of inco me and prov ides a rationale for the market economy.While the third is important but it disguis es its influence on equity in mixed economies (Richardson, 1979: 161).Nu merical equity, o r horizontal equity, is called by some authors as the equal access to the public services (Davas et al., 1993: 111).Generally, regarding u rban development considerat ions, justice covers certain concepts such as proper distribution of functions and services, proper access to service and activity centers without any discrimination and difference among residents of a city or an urban district.Hence, the world in which we live today is a Cosmo polis whose consequence sadly is separation from the natural environment and recognizing unwanted imbalances which are rooted in unbalanced human relations and urban spaces.Today, most people feel that urban districts are imp roper and poor for living and wo rking, because population growth and rapid trend of urbanization within previous decades have been follo wed by negative consequences including unbalanced physical distribution of cit ies, development of marg inal neighborhoods, pove rty and collapse of the life standards, lack of service centers and finally inequity in using facilit ies (Taghvaie and Kio marthi, 2011: 24).Hence, optimal distribution of facilities and services necessary for citizens across the city in a way that all citizens can access them properly is very essential because meeting citizens' needs and min imizing their unnecessary movements and trips will save their time and costs, which in turn will result in urban sustainability (Maleki, 2003: 37).Inequity and lack of spatial balance in residents of various districts of a city is not a new phenomenon and can be found in all cit ies in the world.However, since socioeconomic differences and unfair and unbalanced distribution of services is clear cut in the developing cou ntries, the spatial difference of cit ies has been exacerbated (Mobaraki and Abdoli, 2013: 50).
In Iran, the urban centralizat ion trend, which had been started after land reforms of 1960's, was accelerated after the Iran-Iraq War.And it doubled lack of urban facilities and infrastructures while the urban population was increasing (Hatamainejad et al. 2012: 43).Iran, like most other developing countries, suffers fro m a wide gap between its districts in terms of enjoying of development resources including urban services index, as a major component.In Iran, different urban classes, regarding their life quality, have different access to such services and facilit ies (A manpour et al. 2013: 108).Zahden City with a very short history of urbanizat ion has experienc ed an unbalanced growth during recent decades.The urban inequalities in this city have been deteriorated as the result of the unbrid led immigrat ion of villagers, an unplanned growth of the city and inefficient management, as today we see social inequalities in terms of distribution of public services among cit izens and urban areas.

Theoretical Basics
Principally, the concept of social justice is not comprehensive to the extent that can be used as a way to judge about the welfare level of a society.Basically, justice can be considered as a major t itle wh ich has been developed to settle down conflicts.Social justice actually is applicat ion of these certain principles (Kalantary et al. 2013: 14).Social justice is posed in the urban space when one talks about meeting needs of all urban residents in an equal way; so, underestimat ing social justice would be followed by unpleasant consequences such as marg inalization and excessive density in a single d istrict, unilateral develop ment of cit ies, evacuation of s ome urban areas, speculation and tends other problems.Thus, identification of social justice influences is the fundamental part of the urban studies and a city will be a human city when all of its aspects are covered by the social justice (Khoshroi, 2006: 12).Paying attention to social justice is somehow important in cities; with it plays a key role in all determinant indexes of healthy cit ies (Sheikhi, 2001: 264).Proper and optimal distribution of social, economic, cultural and sanitary facilities among various areas and regions is one of the most important factors for preventing inequalities and gap of spatial development and d istribution.In scientific discussions, paying attention to the principle o f fair d istribution of facilities and infrastructures is very impo rtant.In many developing countries, quick and unbalanced growth has exacerbated regional dispersions and underdevelopment level of different parts of the society.In the unbalanced development process, a few growth centers are developed near extensive underdeveloped districts and areas, but because of their differences with the local technology and expert ise level, they cannot be published and actually the unbalanced development process is recreated continuously.Many studies show that inattention to principles of the balanced development can pave the way for occurrence of several social harms in the underdeveloped areas and prevent economic growth in the whole society.Unbalanced development process can exacerbate immigration which in turn brings about many other problems.Therefore, justice in cit ies needs to assign proper facilities and services, to use potential and practical ab ilit ies in cities, to remove the wide gap between the needy and the rich and to prevent poor slums.As a result, any type of urban planning based on social justice in city must be effective either in d istribution or allocation of needs, public interests.Using spaces and proper distribution, or in better words spatial justice, is one of the most important factors in the urban planning.Distribution pattern of urban services centers has brought about a different value for the urban lands and has exacerbated segregation of human groups.Always there has been a rotational relation between spatial inequalities and unfair distribution of services and environmental and physical problems across the city which support each other and will make the city an unlivable place by increasing the population and stimu lating both horizontal and vertical extension; as today many current problems of cities can be rooted in the former unfair distribution of urban services.Inequity and lack of spatial balance in residents of various districts of a city is not a new phenomenon and can be found in all cities in the world.Ho wever, since socioeconomic differences and unfair and unbalanced distribution of services is clear cut in the developing countries, the spatial difference of cities has been exacerbated (Abdi Daneshpour, 2009: 37); because spatial structure of a city is composed of elements an d factors that which interact, so instability of each element will affect the whole structure (Sauj and Ward, 2001: 90).

Popular Perspectives about Urban Space and Social Inequalities
A) Functionalis m perspective on space and social inequity Functionalism perspective on social inequity in the urban geography has been mostly posed by ecologists.In this school, Ernest Hockle's plant ecology theory has been applied to the social life of city; because founders of Chicago School believes that urban groups, apart fro m their social, economic and ethnic roots, like p lan species, moves toward balance and experience their all ecologic stages in their own habitate over time (Shokohi, 2000: 127).Functionalists conclude from g lobal and eternal aspect of inequity that inequity is the key part of each social organizat ion and is a functionalist necessity which helps the society to have an effective function.Davis and Moore provide two major standards for the functional significance of a situation: a) How rare is the situation rather other situations, and b) how much other situations depend on the situation in question.For them, social inequity is an unconscious design by which societies make sure that the most important situations will be occupied by the best people consciously (Afrough, 1999: 172).

B) Power in space and social inequity perspective
For Marx, social class is formed based on various situations and duties people have in the society's production structure.Two main factors are involved with formation of social class: production style (agriculture, crafts and industry) and relations of production.For Marx, having different situation in terms of tools of production differentiates people (Tamin, 1994: 6).
For Marx and Engels an urban space was a territory in which enweaved process of capital accumulation and class conflicts are concentrated.In large cities trade, factory productions, ownership concentration and population density reach their h ighest level and finally we have a rich class and a poor class.In cities, cap ital concentration and polarization of social classes is realized and extended.In general, there are two particu lar points in Marx perspective which helps to form a relationship between space and social inequity.First, his view to city after development, accumulation and concentration of capital; second, paying attention to…….as a field of ecologic concentration of proletariat and as a result emergence of class self-aware is considered as a significant factor in formation of classes (Hataminejad et al. 2008: 74).
Unlike the Marx interpretation of emergence of inequity based on the economic aspect, which was the most important foundation of the social life for him, Marx Weber believed that offering a unilateral interpretation for a complicated social phenomenon like social inequities makes it less important (Kamali, 2000: 108).

Methodol ogy
A descriptive-analytical method was fo llowed to conduct the study."Survey" technique was used to collect data.
Over-18-year-old cit izens liv ing the in deteriorated d istricts of Zahedan City constitutes population of this study.Totally 258789 people live in such districts.A total of 384 people were selected as the sample of the study using random sampling and Cochran's formu la (Hafezn ia, 2012: 1 67).Init ially, the urban functions were ext racted fro m the detailed and the co mprehensive plans and then library and survey techniques were used to elicit life quality indexes.Data were analy zed using exp lanatory and quantitative methods.Entropy was use d in this study for weighting (Sudhira et al, 2003: 24) and COPRAS model was used to evaluate and to rank capitas and also to evaluate life quality indexes.Indexes of the study were grouped into four classes.Each question of questionnaire was provided with five choices, "very h igh", "high", "mediu m", "low", and "very lo w", in order to co mpare the availability of life quality indexes in various districts.In this study 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weights were considered.The necessary information about urban capita of each function across districts was extracted fro m co mprehensive and detailed plans.Then, standard capitas for each function, suggested by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Develop ment, were ext racted and the results of districts were co mpared with the standard and positive ideal capita.

COPRAS Model
Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) wh ich are usually referred as multipurpose decision making models and mu lti-criteria analysis (MCA) models are as set of techniques which allo w decision makers, considering a set of (mostly contradicted) criteria, to select, rank, arrange and/or describe a set of choices in decision making process (Chandra Das et al, 2012: 234).Each model has certain features as well as advantages and disadvantages.MCDMs are proper for evaluating life quality in the deteriorated fabric areas.Most mu lti -criteria models need to define a quantitative weight to evaluate relative significance of d ifferent criteria (Cheng, 2000: 5).All mu lti-criteria decision making models have three stages as follows: 1) Determining proper choices and criteria 2) Measuring relative significance of each criterion and effects of such choices on criteria 3) Calculating nu merical values to set rank of each choice (Kakalauskas et al, 2009: 460).
Many special models have been proposed for mult i-criteria decision makings, which have advantages and constraints (Pourtaheri et al., 2011: 37).The most important features of the COPRAS Model in contrast to other MCDMs are: 1) It is clear that this model is simp ler and it needs shorter time to complete its calculations in contrast to other models such as AHP and TOPSSIS.2) COPRAS is able to propose a complete and perfect ranking of choices.3) This model is able to use both qualitative and quantitative criteria to calcula te criteria.4) COPRAS is able to calculate positive (maximu m) and negative (min imu m) criteria separately in the evaluation process.5) Another important feature of COPRAS wh ich makes it a better option rather other decision making models is that it can estimate significance of each choice and to show it in percentage (Muliner et al. 2012: 5).Various phases of COPRAS Method are as follows: First and second phases: Format ion of the status quo matrix based on the designed criteria and measuring weight of each criterion based on one of weighting methods.

Third phase: Normalizing the decision making matrix
Where qi is the weight of ith criterion and xji is value of each choice per each criterion Fifth phase: Co mparative ranking of alternatives which is calculated based on positive and negative criteria.
Relative significance qi of each alternative A j is measured using the following equatio ns: Sixth phase: Prioritizing alternatives based on qi; hence, the larger qi, the higher will be the ran king of the alternative in the prioritizat ion. in this case, the alternative with the best possible condition or in other words, an ideal alternative always has the highest value (Ku mar Dey et al; 2011: 571).
Seventh phase: The final phase is determining the alternative which has the best condition in terms of criteria; when rank of an alternative in increased or decreased, its significance will be increased or decreased.Alternatives which have had the best condition in terms of criteria are marked with the highest significance degree N j ; N j is equal to 100%.Total value of significance degree o f each criterion is calculated and it varies fro m 0 to 100 and the best and worst alternatives are determined in this range.Significance degree of each N j of alternative A j is calculated by the following equation: Where, Qi is the significance degree of each alternative and Q max is the highest amount that an ideal alternative has assigned to itself (anucheviciene et al; 2011: 322).

Life quality evaluation model in deteriorated fabric areas of Zahden City
As figure 1 shows the following variab les were used for evaluating life quality of cit izens of Zahedan City.In this study, urban life quality is considered as a dependent variable and physical, environmental, social and accessibility to urban services criteria are considered as independent variables.

Territory
Zahedan city is the capital city of Sistan-Baluchestan Province, eastern Iran, near the border between Iran and Afghanistan and Pakistan.This city is the center of Zahedan County (Fig. 2).Since this city is a main destination for most immigrations in various periods, today it suffers from an extensive marginalization wh ich has made social and economic development in this city problematic, as it is considered as one of deprived cities o f Iran in terms of accessibility to welfare facilit ies and services for the residents.The border nature of the city, cu ltural similarities with Afghanistan and Pakistan, commodity and drug transit line have deprived the city fro m the effective potentials on the city's life quality; as most do mestic and foreign immig rants of the city have forced to live in marginal areas and slums of the city because of financial problems.These areas are found in northern and northeastern parts of the city (Ebrahimzadeh, 2004: 127).
Figure 2. The geographical location of Zahedan

Fi ndings
This study aimed analy zing how facilities and services have been distributed across the deteriorated fabric areas of Zahedan City; it would help us to understand that how much the urban cap ita distribution method is compatible with people's content about life quality in such areas.To do so, init ially u rban capita of the available functions across the deteriorated fabric areas were analyzed using COPRAS Model, wh ich is the first phase in this model.
First phase: Data matrix formation based on n criteria and m choices Table 1.Distribution of per capita urban matrix in the o ld texture areas in Zahedan As table 1 shows at the highest capita for each function, the highest capita were lower than the standard capita or a little h igher.In this regard, the highest capitas belonged to commercial, official, and relig ious capitas and they were h igher than the standard capita, while sport, green space, education, installations and equipment capita were lower than standard capita and it demonstrate how poor are these functions across the deteriorated fabric areas.
At the lowest performance of capita, all capitas were lo wer than the standard level of the suggested capitas which it shows that distribution of functions in the deteriorated fabric areas has been unbalanced and the most difference was seen between distribution of cap itas in sport, green space, installat ions and urban equipment functions; though the difference is considerable in all capitas.In the second phase, after formation of the status quo matrix, in order to normalize the status quo matrix, init ially criteria are weighted.In this study, Shannon Entropy was used for weighting.
Table 2.The weight of each per capita across regions distressed areas Source: authors, 2016.
As table (2) and diagram (1) indicate, residential and educational, green space and relig ious capitas have been distributed more fairly across the deteriorated fabric areas, but other capita, especially Iran touris m, official, sports, facilities and equipment, co mmercial, sanitary and health have not been distributed across the deteriorated fabric areas of the city.
Chart (1) weight each per capita in areas of old ones Source: authors, 2016.
In the third phase, after calculat ing the weight of criteria, the status quo matrix is normalized using the following equation: Table 3. Normalized matrix Source: authors, 2016.
In the fourth phase, after normalizing the criteria, and are calcu lated.To do so, for each choice positive and negative indexes are calculated, separately.
In the fifth phase, QJ is calcu lated based on positive and negative criteria through the follo wing equation: Final phase: in this phase, the alternative which has the best status among other criteria.The higher the Qi of a choice, its N j will be higher, too.It is imp lied as percentage, it means that its total sum is calcu lated fro m 0 to 100.
Ranking is conducted based on Q J value; it means that areas with the h ighest value of Q j and N j have the highest quality of life.As table (4) shows district 4 has the best quality of life.

Analyzing life quality indexes across deteriorated fabric areas
As mentioned previously, COPRA S model was used to evaluate spatial distribution of life quality indexes across the deteriorated fabric areas in Zahedan City.For analy zing life quality indexes based on citizens' views of all deteriorated fabric areas some indexes had the highest score and some of them had the lowest score.
The first step in this model is offering indexes used in this study which after co llect ing data through questionnaire and converting them into quantitative data by measuring its values a nd determin ing the value of each indexes in each district (in Excel), raw data matrix of each criterion was defined.In this matrix, choices of the deteriorated fabric areas and 38 criteria were determined.In the second step, after formation of the status quo matrix, in order to normalize the status quo matrix, in itially criteria are weighted.In this study, Shannon Entropy was used for weighting.
According to table (6), the index of accessing to primary school (score: 0.081) with a considerable d ifference rather other indexes has a higher importance.It includes the most important need of the people liv ing in the deteriorated fabric areas.Accessing to primary schools is followed by the lack of police patrols, wh ich it shows that although crime rate is high in these areas, residents are not satisfied of on -time presence of police officers.Another step is accessing to groceries for which there is not an acceptable content.In general, the average value of each index was measured.Therefore, the index of access to services (accessing primary schools, kindergartens, guidance schools, high schools, day nurseries, libraries, sport gyms, bus stations, gro ceries, healthcare centers, post offices and pharmacies) with the score of 0.304 was ran ked first.The main cause for such condition was concentration of urban facilities at south and southwestern parts of the city in which the most educational, sports, official and recreational centers of the city are located; while the deteriorated fabric of the Zahedan city are deprived fro m such services because of its marginal location rather them.Physical index (g reen space, number of rooms, proper walkways for disabled people, open yards and roofs, residential unit, building size, housing condition in terms of warming and cooling equipments, quality of communication network, lighting of the residential unit, quality of housing in terms of materials, car traffic density, walkways condition) with the score of 0.118 was ranked second.It was due to the old nature of most areas and lack of construction engineering principles in such areas and lack of proper renovation and revitalization of such areas.Social index (v iolen ce rate in neighborhood, security during walking, drug abuse, robbery, children's security during playing, on -time presence of police forces) with the score of 0.99 was ranked third.Since some deteriorated areas are located at the center and some are in marginal part of the city, the relative d istribution among such elements is low.And finally, the environ mental index (quality of drinking water, wastewater system, garbage collection, environment's sanitary, surface water disposal and noise pollution) with the score of 0.083 was ranked fourth, which it shows that various areas of Zahedan have a similar level in terms of environ mental considerations rather other indexes.In the third phase, after calculat ing the weight of criteria, the status quo matrix is normalized using the following equation: Source: authors, 2016.
In the fourth phase, after normalizing the criteria, and are calcu lated.To do so, for each choice positive and negative indexes are calculated, separately.
Final phase: in this phase, the alternative which has the best status among other criteria.The higher the Qj of a choice, its N j will be higher, too.It is imp lied as percentage, it means that its total sum is calcu lated fro m 0 to 100.
Ranking is conducted based on Q J value; it means that areas with the h ighest value of Q j and N j have the highest quality of life.As table (4) shows district 4 has the best quality of life.Finally, the results gained fro m ran ks of areas were rated into five rates to find the relat ionship between urban capita distribution and life quality indexes.The results showed that the relationship between distribution of urban capitas and life quality indexes has been very poor and it demonstrates that life quality is a relat ive concept.The expectation level of residents of various neighborhoods to their social and economic structure was very different; as low distribution of urban capitas in some areas does not demonstrate that the quality of life is low for residents of such areas.The results also show that only district 4 is the first rank either in terms of life quality indexes or capita of functions; whereas, except district 4 there was not any relationship between life quality indexes and city capita in other areas and it indicates that the relationship between distribution of urban capita and life quality indexes is very weak.

Conclusion
Social justice is a value-based concept which must be analyzed in different social areas and it covers different aspects.The most important causes of human societies' crises in the current era are social inequities wh ich are rooted in the lack of justice and fair in distribution of services and public wealth of the society.Today, fortunately, geographers referring to spatial justice have succeeded to take giant strides to realize fair distribution of interests and public wealth based on certain criteria such as need, merit and public interest.Zahedan City as a major destination for immig rants within recent decades has faced the problem (injustice in distribution of public services).As this increasing trend of population, particularly the urban population, has made unbalanced offering services and has posed social, spatial justice and urban sustainability issues.
Studies show that in the first step of the study, weight of capita across the various areas were achieved using entropy method and except residential and educational capitas which have been distributed in a more fair way across the deteriorated areas, other cap itas have shortages which have been distributed unfairly.In the second phase, COPRAS model was used to compare quantity of capitas across various areas with the standard capitas suggested by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Develop ment.Except districts 4, 3, and 5, wh ich even had a better condition rather the standard capita and were closer to the standard capita, other areas of the deteriorated fabric are very different fro m the standard capita.It demonstrates that distribution and transmittance o f urban functions across the deteriorated areas of Zahedan City was unfair and most urban functions have been concentrated in several d istricts, especially d istrict 4. Deteriorated fabric areas are concentrated mostly in northern and central parts of the city, as central areas have higher capitas.
In the third phase, the life quality across eight districts of the deteriorated fabric of Zahedan City was evaluated through 38 life quality indexes.They were g rouped in four classes: physical, social, environ me ntal and access to the urban services.The results of entropy method show that access to primary school is the most significant index and access to mosque is the most insignificant.Gnereally, accessing the urban services is in the first rank, as concentration of urban facilities in southern and southwestern part of Zahedan City has resulted in dissatisfaction of other urban districts, especially its deteriorated fabric of the city.
In the fourth phase, COPRAS Model was used to compare the qualitative level of the various deteriorated districts.It was concluded that districts 4, 5, and 2 have the lowest distance fro m the positive ideal and the most distance to the negative ideal level.Districts 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 have the most distance to positive ideal and the most distance to the negative ideal.Finally, to fulfill the project's main purpose, the districts were ranked based on urban capita and life quality indexes.According to the urban capitas, districts 4, 3 and 5 are in higher ran ks, while 7, 8, 1, 2, and 6 are in lower ranks.Regarding the life quality indexes, districts 4, 5, and 2 has the highest level, wh ile districts 3, 1, 7, and 8 are in the lowest level.It is observed that only district 4 is the first rank in terms of either life quality indexes and functions capita; whereas, there is no relat ionship between distribution of urban capita and life quality indexes in other districts and it demonstrates that the relationship between distribution of urban capita and life quality indexes has been very weak.Similalrly,d iagram (3) shows that when the function capit is decreased, the life quality has not been declined.These results demonstrate that life quality is a relative concept in which residents' expectation level are d ifferent based on their socia l and economic structure.

Suggestions
1) Revising the urban management system and avoiding concentration of urban facilit ies and equipments in the southern and southwestern neighborhoods of the city to which the marginal d istricts and neighborhoods have no proper access; 2) Simu ltaneous attention to distribution of urban capitas ad life quality level in districts, trying to plan based on local participation and using people's perspective to comprehensive development of districts and avoiding imperative and unilateral planning without considering residents demands and needs; 3) Providing various parts of the city with services must be based on human criteria including needs, merit and priorities includ ing accessing to green space in all districts 4) The most important problem o f residents is lack o f access to primary schools in the deteriorated fabric of the city.Hence, develop ment of education places must be among the most essential measures of planning for the deteriorated fabric o f Zahedan City.5) Designing and developing a disciplinary network in the deteriorated fabric areas; 6) Reforming and reconstructing water supply network and branches and wastewater system in the deteriorated fabric areas; 7) Organizing functions through forming a reasonable relat ion between body, spatial organizat ion and functions of the old and new fabric and proper distribution of space and functions.8) Equipping and preparing deteriorated areas to meet current and future needs of their residents; 9) Integrating and synchronizing related plans of various organizations in order to improve the physical and functional status of the deteriorated fabric and improv ing their residents' life quality.
Fourth phase: Calculating the sum weight of the normalized criterion.It describes alternatives which are measured with positive criteria and are shown with sj+ and alternatives with are measured with negative criteria and are shown with sj-.The following equation is used to calculate them.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Analytical model of the effective criteria of cit izens' life quality in the deterio rated fabric areas of Zahedan Source: Field studies the authors, 1394.
Ranking areas using life quality indexes and urban capitas and comparing themIn this step, various areas of the deteriorated fabric areas were ranked by COPRAS model based on distribution of urban capita and life quality indexes.As a result, district 4 ranked first based on the urban capitas; it also ranked first in terms of life quality indexes.Table 9. Ranked dead tissue areas with urban per capita and quality of life Source: authors, 2016.
Table 10.Level of per cap ita urban areas based on the old texture and quality of life Source: authors, 2016.Chart 3. Ranking wo rn tissue areas based on the quality of life and urban per capita Source: authors, 2016.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Ran king of areas based on per capita urban distressed areas

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Ran king worn tissue areas based on the quality of life

Table 4 .
The results of the model cooper Source: authors, 2016.

Table 6 .
Weight criteria derived fro m the Shannon entropy Source: authors, 2016.Chart 2. The importance of each of the ind icators in the areas of Damaged Area Source: authors, 2016.

Table 8 .
The results of the model Kopras Source: authors, 2016.