The Efficacy of Drama in Field Experience : A Qualitat ı ve Study Using Maxqda

This study attempted to evaluate the views of senior preservice preschool teachers on the efficacy of drama activities in their field experience in terms of the effect of students’ learning, socialization, individual or group work skills and school connectedness and also disclosed the suggestions of senior preservice preschool teachers for faculty members who give drama lectures regarding the delivery of drama course. The study group included 51 (Female = 37, Male = 14) senior preservice preschool teachers studying in the Faculty of Education at Cumhuriyet University, Turkey in the spring semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. Data were collected through an interview form including five semi structured questions that were prepared in line with the aim of the study by the researchers. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA-11, qualitative data analysis software, and descriptive analysis technique. Main themes were generated and then the views were aligned under the themes. The findings revealed that senior preservice preschool teachers had positive views regarding the impact of drama activities in their field experience. In-service training programs were suggested to be designed systematically for professional development of preservice teachers.


Introduction
Teaching through play-based activities with active participation of children is emphasized by researches in the field of preschool education not only as a central strategy to achieve all objectives within the 2006 Turkish Preschool Education Curriculum but also to comply with the European Union and international norms in the field (Gürkan, 2013).However, although play has been framed within preschool education as the best teaching and learning approach, most of preschool teachers are unable to implement teaching through play in their classroom (Cheng & Stimpson, 2004) for a variety of reasons.For example, many teachers say the curriculum does not incorporate play, there isn't time for it, and many school administrators do not value it (Miller & Almon, 2009).When Graue (2001) examined why teachers are unable to incorporate their positive beliefs about play in their classrooms, the results indicated that pressure was the main cause stemming from administrators and colleagues, assessment mandates, and parents.Additionally, since many younger preschool teachers did not grow up with a strong experience of child-initiated play due to their free time being filled with electronic media and organized activities, they need to experience play themselves to understand its role in effective education (Miller & Almon, 2009).
There are five primary types of play in which children engage: loco-motor, social, object, language and dramatic or pretend play (Smith & Pelligrini, 2013).While each type of play has its own benefits for the developing mind of a young child, dramatic play is becoming an increasingly popular component in toddler and preschool education and defined by experts as a type of play where children assign and accept roles and act them out (Punkoney, 2013).While drama is a powerful learning medium (Andersen, 2004;Braverman, 2002;Taylor & Warner, 2006) allowing teachers and students to explore anything, anyone, anytime, and anyplace (Friedmann, 2012), dramatic play is the backbone of the drama world, which embraces role-play as a way to gain a deeper understanding of the world (Braverman, 2002).Ward (1957;as cited in Hooper Trout, 1978) described dramatic play as "the make-believe of young children", in which they "try on l i f e" (p.137) by putting themselves in the place of grown-ups, animals, and objects.Filled with adventure and discovery, it has no recognizable plot or form.In contrast, drama which often has "a definite beginning, a climax, and a culmination" (p.138) includes dramatic play, story dramatization, impromptu pantomime, shadow and puppet plays, and other extemporaneous drama forms.According to Hooper Trout (1978), dramatic play, as one of the many types of play in which the child impersonates or identifies with someone or something other than himself, is a prelude to drama and when dramatic play ceases to be an end in itself, the child may move with the help of an adult from dramatic play to drama.In other words, drama is introduced by an adult or someone who influences the form of dramatic play with conventions like setting, character, climax, and developing action.She also acknowledged that the following activities initiate dramatic play and affect children's movement into drama (1) telling original stories; (2) interpreting events and characters from movies, television, and books; and (3) engaging in physical movement.
Although an increasing amount of research supports that dramatic play helps in developing social skills of preschool children and provides children with emotional regulatory skills by giving them opportunities to symbolically create and modify highly arousing emotional events (Kravtstov & Kravtsova, 2010), there still exists a gap between understanding its value and actually applying it (Furman, 2000).

Drama Activities
Drama activities combine acting and learning at the same time with entertainment and fun (Philips, 2003).Therefore, a classroom with drama activities motivates children to learn and provides them with a relaxing environment in which to study (Sirisrimangkorn & Suwanthep, 2013).According to Makita (1995), drama activities are valuable classroom techniques that encourage students to participate actively in the learning process.This means, "an involved child is an interested child, an interested child will learn, and drama directly involves the child" (Gomez, 2010, p. 31).Drama involves such activities as role-playing, mime, simulation, and improvisation (Davies, 1990;Gaudart, 1990).

Role Playing
Role playing gives children the opportunity to exhibit mimic behaviors and verbal expressions of someone or something they are pretending to be (Cecchini Marie, 2008).Role playing engages children in real-life situations that can be "stressful, unfamiliar, complex, or controversial" which requires them to examine personal feelings toward others and their circumstances (Bonwell & Eison, 1991, p. 47).While children imitate one or two actions at first, they are able to expand their roles by creating several actions relevant to the role they are playing as time progresses (Cecchini Marie, 2008).Therefore, role play has positive effects on children's communicative and affective skills as it stimulates the children's authentic conversation and allows them to act in a framework, so they can overcome their fear of certain emotional, linguistic or social constraints (Brash & Warnecke, 2009).

Mime
Mime is an effective way of awakening children to the body and nonverbal ways of communication (Dinham, 2011) and defined as acting without words or in other words, "a non-verbal representation of an idea or story through gesture, bodily movement and expression" (Dougill,I987,p. 13).During the mime, although no language is used, "the mime itself can act as a catalyst to generate and elicit language before, during, and after the activity" (Gaudart, 1990, p. 235).From the point of the teacher, miming may as well be a good method how to integrate even those students whose language abilities are not the best and in most of the activities want to keep back (Hillová, 2008).

Simulation
Simulation is an activity in which children discuss a problem (or perhaps a series of related problems) within a defined setting (Davies, 1990) and this activity provides a specific situation within which children can practice various communication skills like asserting oneself, expressing opinions, convincing others, arguing eliciting opinions, group-problem solving, analyzing situations and so on (Smith, 1984).Therefore, simulation exercises can teach children how to function in a social situation with the appropriate social niceties (Davies, 1990).

Improvisation
Improvisation is "a play without a script", and therefore, there is no dependency upon reading or memory skills (Davies, 1990, p. 94).Children can be free to act and create the character that they want to be (Wagner, 2002).It requires children to produce appropriate words emotionally by using gestures and facial expressions and to discover their own resources (McCashin, 1990).Improvisational exercises provide three main goals: a child's pronunciation improves, proper use of a grammatical structure is reinforced, and vocabulary practice is enhanced (Florea, 2011).
Today there are 72 Faculties of Education, 64 of which are at state universities and 8 are at private universities, within the scope of the Council of Higher Education in Turkey (Eret, 2013).Students are admitted to Faculties of Education through their scores from the nation-wide university entrance exam.Preschool teacher education lasts four years in the Faculties of Education of these universities.When students graduate from Turkish preschool teacher education programs are granted their preschool/kindergarten teaching license, and are entitled to teach in public and private preschools and kindergarten classes (Aldemir & Kurt, 2014).In the final year of undergraduate education, preservice preschool teachers have practica/field experience as part of teacher training.Practica/field experience helps preservice teachers continue the transformation they experience throughout their program courses and gain crucial professional dispositions to work with young children and their families, teach in preschool classroom, and be an advocate for the profession (Aldemir & Kurt, 2014).Additionally, during practicum, preservice teachers are given the opportunity to experience and experiment their knowledge and skills in an authentic teaching and learning environment (Kennedy, 1996).
The practicum structure comprises three basics objectives; observation, practica, and student teaching (Manzar Abbas & Lu, 2013).In order to fulfill these objectives, preservice preschool teachers have field experience in public kindergartens, independent preschools, and private preschools.In the first semester of third year, they visit these practice schools one day a week for observation.On the other hand, the Practice Teaching course, which offers six hours (one day every week) for practicum in practice schools and two hours for education in their departments, is taken by senior preservice preschool teachers in the 7 th and 8 th semesters of their final years before graduation.Therefore, senior preservice preschool students have opportunities to apply drama based activities in school settings during their field experience.

Aim of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the views of preservice preschool teachers on the efficacy of drama in their clinical experience.In line with this aim, the following sub-aims have been included in the study: 1) What are the preservice preschool teachers' views regarding the impact of drama activities on: 2) What are the preservice preschool teachers' suggestions regarding the delivery of drama course?

Method
Qualitative research methodology was used to clarify the purpose of the study with a holistic approach.Since the aim of qualitative studies is to provide an accurate description of a real situation, such studies attempt to directly present the opinions of individual participants and to collect data through detailed and in-depth methods (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2008).Case study research design was employed to obtain detailed and in-depth information on several cases (Creswell, 2007).

Study Group
The study group included 51 (Female = 37, Male = 14) senior preservice preschool teachers studying in the Faculty of Education at Cumhuriyet University, Turkey in the spring semester of the 2016-2017 academic year.A convenience sampling technique was generated for this study (Patton, 2002) due to being the subjects readily available and being fast, inexpensive, and easy (Dörnyei, 2007).

Data Collection
Data for the study were collected through an interview form including five semi structured questions that were prepared in line with the aim of the study by the researchers.It is important for the reaches to conduct ethical studies and to ensure trustworthiness of their studies (Merriam, 1998).In this regard, for establishing validity of this study, a pilot study was conducted with one female participant.When this pilot participant completed the research questions, she allowed us to make small adjustments to the interview questions.On the other hand, since selecting volunteer students is a key factor to provide validity and reliability of the data collection tool (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2008), volunteer students were included in the study.Additionally, in order to ensure the reliability and validity of the qualitative data, direct quotations were given from the typical examples of sentences said by the participants.Moreover, interrater reliability, tested by Cohen's kappa statistical measure, was established for examining the agreement between the evaluations of two observers (Cohen, 1960) and was calculated separately for each theme and given in Table 6 (see Appendix).Cohen's kappa coefficient of each theme was aligned as .708for the impact of drama activities on learning, .769for the impact of drama activities on socialization of students, .814for the impact of drama activities on individual or group work skills, .783for the impact of drama activities on school connectedness and, .775for suggestions of the participants regarding the delivery of drama course.According to Cohen (1960), weighted Kappa statistics were defined as follows: Kappa < 0 was considered to indicate no agreement; Kappa = 0.0 to 0.20 as slight agreement; Kappa = 0.21 to 0.40 as fair agreement; Kappa = 0.41 to 0.60 as moderate agreement; Kappa = 0.61 to 0.80 as substantial agreement; Kappa = 0.81 to 1.00 as almost perfect agreement.

Data Analysis
Each participant's responses were coded as P1-M/F (P:Participant; 1:Participant No; M:Male/F:Female) .First, all interview data based on participants' responses to each question were transcribed verbatim.The researchers reviewed the transcripts for accuracy and to generate coding categories and subcategories in line with the aims of the study.In this regard, the data of the study were analyzed using MAXQDA 11, qualitative data analysis software, and descriptive analysis technique.In descriptive analysis, collected data are interpreted by summarizing in view of pre-defined themes (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2008).During the analysis process, four-step qualitative data analysis strategies (Tutty, Rothery, & Grinnell, 1996) were used.First step involved identifying codes "meaning units" from the participants' answers to the questions in the interview form.The codes were arranged by clustering similar ones into a category or theme and separating dissimilar ones to create distinct categories (Karasar, 2012).In the second step, the meaning unit codes were sorted and placed in their emergent categories, and the categories were analyzed for themes or patterns.In step three, the categories were examined for meaning and interpretation.In step four, a diagram was constructed to illustrate the codes and themes found in the data (Miles & Huberman, 1994) (See Figure 1).

Results
Regarding the analysis of the answers to the research questions via Maxqda 11, a code list was generated and the codes fell under five themes: (1) The impact of drama activities on learning, (2) The impact of drama activities on socialization of students, (3) The impact of drama activities on individual or group work skills, (4) The impact of drama activities on school connectedness, and (5) Suggestions of the participants regarding the delivery of drama course.These themes and related codes are shown above in Figure 1.

The Impact of Drama Activities on Learning
Views of the participants regarding the first emerging theme that is the impact of drama activities on learning and the related subthemes and their frequencies are given in Table 1.
Table 1.Views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on learning

Views f
Providing permanent learning 24

Ensuring active participation 17
Providing learning by doing 7 Creating a fun learning environment 4 Providing effective learning 3

Developing creativity 2
Embodying information 1 Total 58 Table 1 shows the views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on learning.Throughout the interviews the most frequently reported subtheme was related to the impact of drama activities on providing permanent learning.Although some things that are learned may be forgotten, learning is a permanent process, which can be reinforced by practice or experience (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013).In this regard, drama activities in learning patterns help permanence of the acquired knowledge (Umar & Okka, 2012).Some views of the participants were associated with including drama activities in daily life tasks in order to make all students be actively involved in the lesson.In this vein, a participant (P15/M) stated, "Drama provides permanent learning by associating learning with daily life".Another participant (P2/F) commented, "Drama allows students to make connections with real life and provides meaningful permanent learning".Another participant (P47/M) stated, "Children learn permanently by playing particular aspects of daily life in the drama and they can actively explore situations closely related to their own life experiences by acting in drama".
Another participant (P29/F) emphasized drama as being practical training that enables students to extend their permanent learning and insight, and added, "Since drama includes practical training, it enables students to put into practice skills they have learnt in the fictional context of the classroom and allows them to build their own bridges of understanding permanently".One of the participants (P39/M) stressed, "Drama is a reflection of everyday life to the classroom and appeals to our sense organs, that's why, it enables permanent learning".Participants also reported that drama activities helped students provide learning by doing and ensure active participation so that these activities enabled not only to develop effective learning but also to create a fun learning environment.Since the effectiveness is the most desired result from an instructional program, using drama activities therefore seemed to be an indicator how much students understand subjects when they are engaged and actively involved in the lesson.A participant (P38/M) asserted, "Drama provides opportunities for the students to be involved actively.When the student involves himself in the tasks, by acting someone else and becoming someone else for a short while, he puts forth his whole personality and his mental process and that's why, effective learning can be achieved".For some students (e.g., P5/F, P16/F, and P36/F), it is the best way for students to experience learning by doing that drama enables rather than just reading or listening.Due to the fact that drama is a means of actively participating in learning process to practice and rehearse new skills, it helps students identify their own thinking with other perspectives and awareness of other students' points of view.Furthermore, "when children are actively involved, drama will not only enable them to experience working positively within a group setting, but also to develop good relationships with other group members" (P10/M).On the other hand, in terms of creating fun environment, most of the participants shared their views positively.In this vein, a participant (P30/F) stated "Depending on my observations, I can claim that children learn better by integrating classroom curriculum into a game and teaching it in a fun environment".Another participant (P24/F) commented "Children can create physical representations through games… when teachers get them physically involved in the lesson, they will attract children's interest in gaining learning experience".A participant (P45/F) stated, "While children are having more fun, and maybe they are learning more…"

The Impact of Drama Activities on Socialization of Students
The second theme emerging from the views of the participants was related to the impact of drama activities on socialization of students.Related sub-themes and frequencies were given in Table 2.
Table 2. Views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on socialization of students

Developing empathy 19
Allowing students to express themselves easily through their voices or bodies 7

Enhancing comprehension of moral issues and values 1
Providing interactions both in and out of classroom 1 Total 66 Table 2 shows that almost all the participants agree on the idea that drama has a positive effect on socialization of children.For some participants (e.g., P45/M, P1/F, P48/M and P34/F), drama fosters the ability of speaking in front of others, and therefore, it makes children more open to be able to express their feelings to say what they are thinking and not just keep them buried down inside.For them, interacting with others promotes speaking and listening skills.On the other hand, some participants (P17/F and P19/F) stressed that due to being a lot more communication happening around them, children make some lasting friendships much easier in a drama activity based class than they would in other classes.The participant P17/F also stressed the relationship between drama activities and empathy as "When children take on several roles in drama, they use all their senses to understand the characters they portray and therefore, they not only will learn how to express oneself in a character but also are better able to show empathy for others".
When children take part in a drama play, they realize that they must listen to what other players say in order to be able to respond them.They also realize that they must choose their words appropriately so that others can understand exactly what they mean when they are trying to communicate.A participant (P23/F) expressed, "Children explore and establish moral values such as integrity, justice and compassion that may be different than their own and they engage in reflecting upon their own moral values through drama oriented activities".Other participant (P29/F) added, "Drama activities particularly provide opportunities for creating an interactive environment both in and out of classroom and they are powerful in building up communicative competence of children".

The Impact of Drama Activities on Individual or Group Work Skills
The views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on individual or group work skills are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on individual or group work skills

Views f
Enabling children to explore their own abilities 28 Fostering the abilities of self-confidence, responsibility, collaboration and acting together 19

Increasing academic achievement 17
Helping students employ character traits such as respect, tolerance, kindness, and courage 3 Enabling children to build a sense of belonging to a group 3 Encouraging children to develop positive relationships with family, peers and others 1 Total 71 As given in Table 3, the participants' views support that drama activities have positive effects on the development of individual or group work skills.Since drama based activities enable students to function in terms of promoting group working skills and building personal relationships (Sirisrimangkorn & Suwanthep, 2013), students' individual participation or group cooperation in drama enhance their interaction and build positive social relationships.In this vein, some participants (e.g., P25/F, P27/F, P30/F, and P35/M) stated that drama activities help children develop an understanding of other people, in particular, what to expect from others in different situations.Moreover, due to the fact that drama leads or forces students to use their own and express their true feelings or sense of personality without fear of being judged or criticized, children get things off their mind and behave who they are.Another participant (P15/M) remarked that drama activities have positive effects on academic achievement and performance.Related to the impact of drama activities on academic achievement, one participant (P36/F) stated, "Drama activities engage children in planning and decision making and therefore, they improve achievement".Another participant (P38/M) pointed out "Drama activities can improve skills and academic performance of the students who participate in drama due to their being more engaged in lessons than their nonparticipant counterparts".In terms of other positive outcomes, most of the participants shared prevalent feelings encompassing biological or social development with the help of drama activities.In this regard, one participant (P1/F) stated "Since inclusion of an individual in a group is a sign of belonging, a sense of belonging to a group is a positive social outcome of drama experience".According to a participant (P48/M), "Drama activities foster collaborating in a positive way".Other participant (P34/F) also added "Drama encourages children to work with others in a collaborative way".For some participants (e.g., P27/F, P12/F, and P17/F), exposure to drama experience will lead to an improvement in relationships with family, peers and others and help children learn to engage in deepening their perspectives.For them, drama can provide a context to help children learn to respect others, to behave appropriately and create positive outcomes such as respect, empathy, flexibility, tolerance, kindness, openness, and courage.Another point stressed by the participants is that the relationship between drama and boosting children's confidence.For example, one participant (P9/F) stated "The sense of expressing their own feelings boosts children's confidence".Another participant (P2/F) added "Giving a presentation in front of a class will boost children's confidence".Furthermore, some participants (e.g., P10/M and P3/F) stressed that drama makes students more open so they are able to say things calmly without screaming because drama helps them control the biology of their body like hate or anger.According to P3/F, "with the help of drama activities, shy students can break out of their shells and develop self-confidence".In terms of taking responsibility, a participant (P51/F) stated "Drama activities encourage them to take risks and sharing responsibilities.Children know that when they are in a drama activity, there is a pressure on them to be responsible and so, without skipping, they come to drama course because they have already learned that they have a responsibility to the group and if they are not there, the group cannot function.So, they learn the responsibility and counting on the group members".Another participant (P49/F) remarked "Drama activities provide opportunities for children to take responsibility for their own learning".

The Impact of Drama Activities on School Connectedness
Another theme emerging from the views of the participants was related to the impact of drama activities on school connectedness.The related sub-themes and frequencies are given in Table 4.
Table 4. Views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on school connectedness

Views f
Creating a positive school environment to attend regularly 18

Leading to the development of a sense of inclusion in school 11
Fostering parental involvement in school 9 Improving children's motivation for staying in school 7 Reducing school dropout rates 3 Increasing the awareness of children's own responsibility as the members of school community 3 Total 51 Table 4 represents the views of the participants regarding the impact of drama activities on school connectedness.Many participants emphasized that drama activities enhance school connectedness through providing positive school environment that include teacher support, positive peer relations, safety, belonging and feeling a part of school.In this regard, one participant (P48/F) stated "Drama activities make children feel valued among their friends and teachers at school".Another participant (P10/M) stated "Children feel like that they are a part of their school".One participant (P30/F) reported "Children feel safe and close to peers and teachers at their school when taking part in a drama performance".According to the participant P17/F, "A child feels that his/her teachers care about him/her too much due to being a performer of drama and therefore, drama activities make children happy to be at their school".The participant P8/F stated "When children are involved in drama activities, they are happier at school than when they are not at school".In this regard, another participant (P46/M) stated "Active participation in drama activities makes children feel connected to school that they belong and therefore, they look forward to going to school every day".In addition, according to the participant P3/F, "Drama helps improve school attendance and reduce school dropout rates and, as a result, children are more likely to succeed academically when they feel connected to school".
Related to family involvement, a participant (P1/F) stated "I think drama activities make parents to be really interested in what is happening at school because they hear about it so much and they see how much their children are excited about school".Another participant (P43/F) added "Drama activities create opportunities to strengthen parents' involvement in student achievement, as well as share their expectations".

Suggestions of the Participants Regarding the Delivery of Drama Course
The participants shared their suggestions for the teachers who deliver drama courses.The emerging subthemes related to these suggestions and frequencies are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Suggestions of the participants regarding the delivery of drama course

Materials and equipment selection 16
Enabling equal distribution of work 14 Teachers' being well equipped 9 Creating an enjoyable learning atmosphere 8 Enabling whole class participation 6 Providing students with "real life" practice opportunities 3 Establishing a comfortable and free thought-sharing environment 1

Giving evaluation opportunity to all members involved 1
Appropriateness of resources for students to put on "plays" in class 1

Total
As shown in Table 5, most of the participants' suggestions were related to carefully selection of supportive materials and course equipment so as to enrich the students' experience in daily life.In this sense, a participant (P11/F) stated "materials selected for the dramatic play area should support the development of children's ability and foster success".Another participant (P32/F) commented "Providing appropriate equipment and materials that fit the capabilities of students help them enrich their learning experiences".According to the participant P17/F, "Materials should be concrete and relevant to students' own life experiences and safe for them, as well".
Participants also made suggestions that teachers should give all students the opportunity to gain experience by enabling equal distribution of work.For example, a participant (P30/F) suggested that "Teachers should distribute work among students depending upon their abilities and making sure that there is equal distribution".They gave importance to teachers' being well equipped as well.One participant (P2/F) stated that "In order to help students' learning through doing and experiencing, they need more practical knowledge.Therefore, they should be well equipped to teach drama courses".Another point that some participants addressed was related to making learning an enjoyable experience by creating an enjoyable atmosphere.For example a participant (P25/F) suggested that "Teachers should transmit enthusiasm to students to make learning an enjoyable experience".Creative fun activities were certainly seen to be important for students to be engaged in the lesson.One participant (P20/F) stated "being fun and entertaining of drama motivates students to focus on the topic".
According to the participant P23/F, "Teachers should be well-poised and relaxed in order to create an enthusiastic atmosphere in a drama lesson".Another participant (P9/F) suggested that all students should be engaged in the lesson and added, "The best way to get everyone involved, even the shyest students, is using a drama activity with a large class".On the other hand, some suggestions were for the evaluation of drama activities that should be carried out by taking feedback from students (P46/M) and by all members involved (P48/M).For the last subtheme that is appropriateness of resources for students to put on "plays" in class, only one participant (P9/F) suggested that "Drama resources should be appropriate for students to put on 'plays' in class.Otherwise, it can be fruitless and time consuming".

Discussion
This study aimed to evaluate the views of senior preservice preschool teachers (n = 51) studying in the Faculty of Education at Cumhuriyet University, Turkey on the efficacy of drama education in their clinical experience.
The participants displayed positive and agreeable attitudes toward the impact of drama activities on learning, socialization of students, individual or group work skills, and school connectedness.They also made suggestions for faculty members who give drama lectures regarding the delivery of drama course.In line with the positive impact of drama on learning, many studies have yielded similar results (i.e., Aykaç, 2008;Edmiston, 2008;Duban & Düzgün, 2013;Güllü, 2009;Rosler, 2008;Sawyer, 2004;Selmanoğlu, 2009;Yamamoto, 2015;Yılmaz, 2006).In this vein, drama can be considered not only as an effective pedagogical method to increase achievement scores of students alongside other instructional methods (Lee, Patall, Cawthon, & Steingut, 2014), but also as a teaching method to make students cognitively physically active in teaching and learning process in today's classrooms (Courtney, 1989).According to the views of the participants related to the impact of drama on learning, drama activities provide permanent learning, active participation, learning by doing, effective learning, fun learning and development of creativity that were all supported in previous research results (Bertiz, 2005;Duban & Düzgün, 2013;Durusoy, 2012;Morris, 2001;Özdemir & Çakmak, 2008;Umar & Okka, 2012).Some views of the participants reflected that children learn by playing particular aspects of daily life and explore situations closely related to their own life experiences.In this vein, Masoum, Rostamy-Malkhalifeh and Kalantarnia (2013), who have claimed that students may learn from what they are doing in drama, supported these views of the participants.In addition, the views of the participants also clarify that the reflection of past experience in learning process through drama encourages students to develop new skills and effective learning (Lewis & Williams, 1994).In this context, Taylor (1998) stressed that looking back on the students' experience was essential to identify the ways in which students were able to engage with a dramatic encounter, as well as learn about the content to provide permanent learning.On the other hand, most of the participants have asserted that active participation in drama helps students learn permanently and effectively.In this regard, Özdemir and Çakmak (2008) expressed drama to provide active participation rather than being passive, being independent rather than dependency and making independent decisions, becoming democratic, and noticing one's own skills.
Furthermore, the participants of this study shared their views on drama activities that create fun environment in learning.Similarly, the participants in Yamamoto's (2015) study described "fun" as the predominant factor in drama and related education.Whether they described fun as "acting goofy" or "addicted to laughing" or simply "playing", all the participants joined the group in search of fun (p.125).Additionally, Ting (2005) found that children enjoyed learning language through drama activities due to their combining action and entertainment for students.In this regard, Guida (1995) found with drama, even some students who don't have confidence to speak up in public are willing to join in the drama activities.They have a lot of fun and become creative, and often able to speak naturally.According to Gaudart (1990), students don't only have fun but also learn a variety of components from acting the story.He also claimed that although drama activities can bring a lot of fun for students, at the end of class, some parents may complain that their children learned nothing from the drama activity.Another point that the participants of this study mentioned was that drama activities allow children to develop abstract thinking skills.Similarly, Rosler's (2008) study of using drama in a fifth grade social studies class indicated that although students did not explore whether understanding of concepts, abstract concepts, or responses to abstract questions, students who participated in drama demonstrated the ability to make links between different texts.Participating in drama helped them better understand the expository textual material in the textbook.In a similar vein, Heller (2005), who studied how drama in education techniques supported the development of abstract thinking in fifth graders, has demonstrated that abstract thinking can occur within drama and drama can support children's understanding of an abstract concept.
For the impact of drama activities on socialization of students, this study revealed that almost all the participants agreed that drama had a positive effect on socialization of children.In the literature review, certain studies discussed similar results (Bayrakçı, 2007;Bergen, 2002;Gillen, 2000;Nichols & Stitch, 2000;O'Neill, 2008;Pass, 2007;Rasmussen & Gürgens, 2006;Staples, 2007;Şimşek, 2013;Yamamoto, 2015).When Gardner (1985) described the unique social qualities of drama, he mentioned that "interacting with others gives a very special flavor to the drama" (p.309).Additionally, social integration fosters pupils' critical thinking, problem solving, improves oral communication skills (Aldavero, 2008) and helps them become more outgoing, productive, and determined individuals (Şimşek, 2013).On the other hand, through social interaction in drama, shy students gain more confidence and abandon their embarrassment and shyness (Phillips, 2003).
According to the views of the participants, drama activities have positive effects on the development of individual or group work skills.According to Gunderson and Moore (2008), drama and role playing through group works enable students to be central of instruction and lead them to construct their own knowledge through multi-dimensional perspectives within active learning environment.At the same time, it enables the child to negotiate rules and agree on the direction of play with a social partner (Lindsey & Colwell, 2013).Additionally, working in groups generally gives students social skills such as being a member of a group, communicating with others (Morris, 2001) and sharing responsibilities (Tahta, 1999).Medina (2006) found that the drama work, "Provided a powerful context to explore aspects of the students' social realities that could be related to critical literacies" (p.66) by allowing the students to use their lived experience in the classroom and connecting it to the curricula.Similarly, Kelly (2006), who wanted to reveal what impact the groupings would have on the students' experience in drama, indicated that working with group helped students because they knew these people and they knew they could.On the other hand, the participants of this study agreed that drama activities lead to positive outcomes such as empathy, self-confidence, independent thinking and tolerance.Sawyer (2004) also argued that classroom drama strategies help students' social skills development such as empathy and adaptability that they need in the real world.On the other hand, Goldstein and Winner (2012), who performed a quasi-experimental study to determine whether developmental differences in empathy exist and, if so, how much for students who participate in acting training, found a positive correlation existed between acting training and the students' development of empathy.Treff (2008), who investigated graduate students' perceptions of participation training, found that the students learned through dramatically activities and role-playing and noted that the participants reported increased confidence and self-reflective ability.Similarly, the participants in Burnard's (2002) study described creativity that occurred during drama and an increase in confidence in their ability to interact and perform.Edmiston (2008) found that although the subject group was a seventh grade class, students were able to take on multiple points of view independently by participating in drama.In addition, in Lähdesmäki's (2016) study, in the grouping process, the participants reached the level where they had the feeling of safety to throw themselves into drama together and they got the experience of the multi-level communication between people, fearlessness to be themselves and to throw themselves into a role because they did not need to be afraid of being embarrassed.
The views regarding the impact of drama activities on school connectedness disclosed these activities to yield positive school environment for students so that they provide not only teacher and peer support at school but also parent involvement in school life.Drama activities were also stressed by the participants to reduce dropout rates of students.Some consistency with these results has seen in the related literature.For example, school connectedness is related to teacher support, safety, belonging, fair discipline practices, feeling a part of school and whether the student liked school (Resnick et al., 1997, as cited in Libbey, 2004).Similarly, King, Vidourek, Davis and McClellan (2002) remarked that extracurricular activities such as drama, sports, music, and chess enhance children's' understanding of others, acknowledge students' personal achievements, and strengthen their feelings of self-worth.Lohmeier and Lee (2011) stated that a student's sense of school connectedness is based on a collection of values and behaviors related to a student's belongingness, relatedness, and connectedness in association with their school, teachers/adults, and peers.Students are, therefore, more likely to succeed when they feel connected to school (Blum, 2005).Thomas and Smith (2004) confirmed that school connectedness is an important and modifiable factor associated with students' learning and development.While students who participate in extracurricular activities receive higher grades and do not skip school and feel more attached to school (McNeely, Nonnemaker, & Blum, 2002), students who feel socially isolated may be more sensitive to the negative effects of school connectedness.In this regard, Whitlock (2006) pointed out the components of school connectedness as creative engagement (students are able to participate in activities and subjects of interest to them and to display their talents), and academic engagement (students are able to perform and achieve in academic work).Due to being student engagement tied to improvements in not only student behavior but also learning outcomes (Howe & Covell, 2007), high levels of student engagement can predict lower high school dropout rates as well (Archambault, Janosza, Fallu, & Pagania, 2008).Therefore, lack of student engagement is also a remarkable challenge for teachers to bring more voices of encouragement and empowerment into the classroom to increase student achievement and decrease dropout rates.On the other hand, parent involvement plays a major role in improving children's learning.Children whose parents are involved in their learning do better at school, both academically and behaviorally (Patrikakaou, 2008).Research by Thompson et al. (2006) reported similar findings in which connectedness was found to be greater among students, students from a two-parent household, students who performed well in school, those who were active in extracurricular activities, those who had a large number of friends, and those with positive parental involvement in their school.
The participants also made suggestions for teachers who give drama lectures regarding the delivery of drama course.They suggested the selection of appropriate materials and equipment so as to enrich the students' learning and experience.Similarly Hendrix, Eick and Shannon (2012) found that learning outcomes have supported the use of drama as an effective strategy when appropriately implemented and integrated with appropriate materials.On the other hand, in Duban and Düzgün's (2013) study, most of the participants reported that the material in science and technology course made learning much easier if it was given through drama.
Another suggestion made the participants of this study was regarding the equal engagement of students in drama activities to gain experience.Similarly, when responding about student engagement for drama based courses, the participant teachers in Cawthon, Dawson, and Ihorn's (2011) study remarked a greater variety of indicators, including positive social interaction (e.g., helping peers, complimenting or encouraging other students, working together to solve problems), physical movements, completion of final products, a wide variety of verbal interaction, and even the positive mood of the students (e.g., smiling and laughing).However, when responding to the student engagement for their original lessons, the same participants gave vague responses such as, "I know students are engaged if they are paying attention", or "I know students are engaged if they are listening".Furthermore, enabling the engagement of whole class in a drama activity was suggested by the participants of this study, as well.Some were recommended all the students, even the shyest ones, be engaged in the lesson through using drama activities.Similar outcomes were observed in Athiemoolam's (2013) study.The participants of which indicated that they were impressed by some of their very shy and withdrawn peers who became more confident and seemed to blossom after their active participation in the dramatic performance.A number of them also indicated that they were initially reluctant to participate in the dramatic presentations, as they had never acted in plays before.However, in reflecting on their experiences, it emerged that their participation in the plays gave them the confidence and served as a vehicle for the discovery of their hidden talents that they never thought they had.

Conclusion
This study attempted to evaluate the views of senior preservice preschool teachers on the efficacy of drama education in their clinical experience in terms of the effect of students' learning, socialization, individual or group work skills and school connectedness.This study also disclosed the suggestions of senior preservice preschool teachers for faculty members who give drama lectures regarding the delivery of drama course.The data were analyzed using Maxqda 11, qualitative data analysis software, and descriptive analysis technique.The overall results indicated that senior preservice preschool teachers had positive views regarding the impact of drama activities in their field experience.However, the generalizability of these findings is limited, due to the fact that the results were obtained from a relatively small sample of participants from one city in Turkey.Therefore, studies within different methodological approaches encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methods in a large sample size through reaching out and keeping in touch with other universities are suggested.
It is also suggested that drama classes should be compulsory not only in each department of education faculties but also in all teacher education programs and even, in-service teacher training programs so that drama helps individuals construct knowledge in their minds through meaningful learning activities and gain experience in a learning environment where they can express themselves freely.An obvious point is that this study can only be generalized in the context the study was conducted, but nevertheless, it can have important implications for the impact of drama in preservice preschool teachers' field experience both in Turkey and in other countries.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Emerging themes and related codes