Production of Seedlings of Yellow Passion Fruit Plant in Different Substrates and Saline Levels

In the process of production of seedlings the formulation of substrates that supply the nutritional needs and make available appropriate humidity tenor is relevant for the success and the reduction of costs of the producing with other inputs. In this perspective, it is known that alternative substrates are rich in organic matter, which possesses extenuating action for the harmful effect of the salinity. Therefore, it was aimed at to evaluate the effect of saline waters and formulations of substrates in the production of seedlings of yellow passion fruit plant. Experiment was driven in atmosphere protected in the dependences of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Paraíba. The randomized block design was used in factorial outline 5 × 5, being five levels of salinity of the irrigation water (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3 and 4.3 dS m) and five substrates: S1 = soil; S2 = soil, goat manure and bovine manure (1:1:1); S3 = soil and goat manure (3:1); S4 = soil and bovine manure (3:1); S5 = soil, goat manure and bovine manure (3:0.5:0.5). To the 52 days after the sowing the growth analyses and quality of the seedlings were checked. The growth of the passion fruit plant seedlings was inhibited by the salinity in the irrigation water. However, the use of organic inputs in the formulation of the substratum lessens the harmful effect of the saline stress, being the best substratum, soil and bovid manure in the proportion 3:1.


Introduction
The yellow passion fruit plant (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.), it belongs to the family Passifloraceae and to the gender Passiflora, is a fruitful species thoroughly cultivated in tropical and subtropical climate and that it presents great economical and social relevance to Brazil (Bernacci et al., 2013;Silva, Machado, Santos, & Azevedo, 2016).In Brazil, in the harvest 2016 141.01 tons were produced by hectare of passion fruit plant, being the Northeast Area the largest producer in area, however responsible just for 13.320 t/ha, being the Southeast Area with larger income in area 18.233 t/ha, possibly for the investment in technification, in the Northeast the state of Paraíba presents productivity of 9.286 t/ha (IBGE, 2016).
In spite of the Northeast area of Brazil to present a significant area of production of yellow passion fruit, it faces problems with the excess of salts in the soil and in the irrigation water, what limits and it commits the development and establishment of the seedlings and consequently the productivity (Moura et al., 2017).The salinity is one of the abiotic factors that more it causes limitation in the production of the cultures, because, it favors the nutritional unbalance, inhibition of the absorption of cations other, decrease of the osmotic potential and toxicity of specific ions (mainly Na + and Cl -), to the point of to commit vital physiologic activities the plant (Taiz, Zeiger, Moller, & Murphy, 2017).However, through strategies in the handling of the cultures is possible to reduce the harmful effects of the salinity on the production of seedlings as for instance the use of appropriate substrates.
The selection of the substrate to be used, is one of the fundamental stages in the system of production of seedlings, should exercise direct influence on the final acting of the plants in the production field (Sá et al., 2015).Therefore, the substrate should guarantee the mechanical sustentation of the root system and to allow the gaseous changes between the roots and the external air, as well as, to facilitate the supply of water and nutritious for the plants, also presenting physical characteristics, chemistries and biological that favor the obtaining of seedlings of better quality (Castoldi, Freiberger, L. A. Pivetta, L. G. Pivetta, & Echeir, 2014;Costa, Pereira, & Costa, 2014).
Several studies show that the effects of the salinity can be lessened with the use of substrates of animal origin, as for instance, in the culture of the pineapple (Sá et al., 2015) and papaya tree (Lima Neto et al., 2016).Nascimento et al. (2016) in the culture of the yellow passion fruit plant evaluating the benefits of the use biofertilizers in submitted plants the growing salinity, they verified beneficial and extenuating effects with use of this organic input.
However, works that seek the production of formulations of alternative substrates for the production of seedlings, seeking mitigation of the effect caused by the saline stress in the culture of the passion fruit plant are scarce (Oliveira et al., 2015), which it would be an alternative for the producer as cost reduction and use of salty water.In this context, it was aimed at with this work to evaluate the production of seedlings of yellow passion fruit plant submitted to different substrates and different saline waters.

Location and Experimental Conduction
The experiment was conducted in vegetation home in the Center of Sciences and Technology Agrifood of the Federal University of Campina Grande, located in the municipal district of Pombal, Paraíba.The randomized block design was used in factorial outline 5×5, corresponding to five levels of salinity of the irrigation water (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3 and 4.3 dS m -1 ) and five substrates: S1 = soil; S2 = soil, goat manure and bovine manure (1:1:1); S3 = soil and goat manure (3:1); S4 = soil and bovine manure (3:1); S5 = soil, goat manure and bovine manure (3:0.5:0.5), with four repetitions.The chemical characterization of the soil and of the substrates it was accomplished in the Laboratory of Soils and Mineral Nutrition of Plants (UFCG/CCTA), using the methodologies used by Embrapa (1997), and the data are presented in the Table 1.
Table 1.Chemical characteristics of the soil and of the substrates used in the production of the seedlings of yellow passion fruit plant irrigated with saline water, UFCG, Pombal, PB, 2018 The seeds were extracted of fruits of sour passion fruit, to cultivate BRS Gigante Amarelo, properly healthy and in complete maturation stadium, acquired in free market of the municipal district of São João Rio do Peixe -Paraíba.
The method used for removal of the aril of the seeds was the mechanic with use of a blender, whose helixes were stamped with adhesive ribbon to avoid damages to the seeds and washed in running water with aid of a mesh sieve dies.Later, the seeds were put to dry on leaves of paper towel in room temperature of approximately 25 °C for a period of five days.
The employed containers for the production of the seedlings were sacks of black polyethylene, perforated, and with capacity of 1 dm 3 .Before seeding the seeds were immersed in solution of sodium hypochlorite to 2% for five minutes, for elimination of pollutants.Soon afterwards, took place the direct sowing being accomplished through the addition of two seeds by sack to 2 cm of depth.The plantule emergency began to the 10 days after the sowing (DAS), where took place the rough-hewing of plantules to the 15 DAS, being left a plantule by sack.
The preparation of the irrigation waters regarding the respective salinity levels was made using water of existent provisioning in the place (0,3 dS m -1 ), being increased the chloride of sodium (NaCl) according to the equation of Rhoades, Kandiah e Mashali (2000), soon afterwards being checked the conductivity wanted with use of a portable conductivity meter of the mark instrubras, model KR-30, for the obtaining of the other pre-established saline levels (1.3; 2.3; 3.3 and 4.3 dS m -1 ).
The irrigations with the saline waters were initiate after the emergency of the plantules (10 DAS) and they extended up to the 52 DAS, moment in that the emission of tendrils was observed, considering the seedlings as soon as was capable for transplant in field, staying in field capacity, with a daily application, not making use of leaching blade, due to the short period of experimental time.

Analyzed Variables
To the 52 DAS was determined: Height of the plant: being measured the plant starting from the soil until the apex with measuring tape aid and the results were expressed in centimeters.
Number of leaves: it was accomplished by the counting of expanded leaves and completely formed.
Total fresh mass of the plant: certain for the weighting of the plants immediately after they be removed of the substrates, in semianalitic precision scale.The results were expressed in grams by plant.
Total dry mass of the plant: the plants of the previous evaluation were put in paper bags kraft and put in greenhouse of forced circulation of air regulated the a temperature of 65 °C for a period of 48 hours and later heavy in scale, being the medium results expressed in grams by plant.
Biomass production: accomplished with base in the methodology of Emon et al. (2015) and expressed by the formula: PB = MST/MFT ×100, in that: MST = Total dry mass of the plant and MFT = total fresh mass of the plant.
Index of tolerance the salinity: determined by the methodology described for Araújo et al. (2016), in that: ITS (%) = (Production of MST in the saline treatment)/(Production of MST in the treatment controls) × 100.

Index of Dickson quality:
To evaluate the quality of the seedlings the methodology it was used described for Dickson et al. (1960), through the following formula: IQD = MST/[(H/DC) + (MSPA/MSR)], in that: MST = total dry mass (g); H = height (cm); DC = diameter of the lap (mm); MSPA = dry mass of the aerial part (g); MSR = dry mass of the root (g).

Analyze Statistics
The obtained data were submitted to the variance analysis by the test F to 5% of probability.When significant, the averages regarding the substrates were compared by the test Tukey (p < 0.05), and the averages regarding salinity of the water were appraised for analysis of polynomial regression to 5% of probability.The statistical analysis was accomplished being used the program SISVAR v.5.6 (Ferreira, 2014).

Results and Discussion
The variance analysis for the variables: height, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass total, biomass production, index of tolerance and of Dickson quality, it presented interactive effect for all the analyzed variables (p < 0.05%), demonstrating that both factors, formulations of substrates and saline levels, interfere in an united way in the growth and quality of seedlings of yellow passion fruit plant.
Table 1.Variance analysis for the variables: height of the plant (HEIG), diameter of the stem (DIAM), number of leaves (NL), total fresh mass (TFM), total dry mass (TDM), biomass production (PB), index of tolerance (IT) and index of    at the .09%ectric conductivity of the goat manure (0.74 dS m -1 ) to be inferior to the bovine manure (6.47 dS m -1 ), with smaller accumulations associated the daily addition of saline solution in the substrate.
In relation to the other substrates, the smallest values of IQD were found in the substrate just soil, of 0.09 in the saline concentration of 0.3 dS m -1 for 0.04 in 4.3 dS m -1 , demonstrating like this, the relevance of the use of organic inputs in the process of substrate formulation as extenuating to the effect of the saline stress.The substrate S2 and S4 demonstrated reductions of 50 and 27%, respectively in the interval between 0.3 and 4.3 dS m -1 .While, quadratic behavior was verified in the substrate S5, with maximum point in the electric conductivity of 1 dS m -1 , corresponding to 0.58 IQD.Such fact is explained by the formulation of the substrate to be composed by the two inputs, bovine and goat, in the proportion 0.5:0.5.
As larger IQD, larger the quality of the seedlings, Medeiros et al. (2016), evaluating the interaction between the saline water and biofertilizers of bovine manure in the formation and in the quality of seedlings of yellow passion fruit plant in Areia city, Paraíba, it observed reduction of the quality of the seedlings in function of the unitary increase of the salinity, however the addition of organic inputs reduced the harmful effects of the salinity, presenting values of 0.43 IQD when irrigated with water with conductivity of 0.42 dS m -1 , affirming although the seedlings presented quality for they be taken to the field when cultivated with levels of up to 1 dS m -1 , with 0.21 IQD.

Conclusions
The use of organic inputs in the formulation of the substrate is an alternative to lessen the harmful effects of the saline stress, being the best substrate, soil and goat manure in the proportion 3:1.
The growth of the passion fruit plant seedlings was inhibited by the salinity in the irrigation water.
utes and the are 1) it can is rela Kg -1 ).