Initial Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit Under Organic Fertilization

The production of yellow passion fruit seedlings is common among producers. Low cost techniques to maximize and reduce the cost of production with the application of cattle manure make the production of seedlings feasible. The objective of experiment was to evaluate different concentrations of cattle manure in substrate with and without liquid the biofertilizer in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Catolé do Rocha county, Paraíba state. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with 5 repetitions end 3 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of cattle manure (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the substrate volume), without and with the biofertilizer (10 mL plant). Sixty days after sowing, the following items were evaluated: plant height; number of leaves; root length; leaf area; leaf fresh mass; stem fresh mass; root fresh mass; aerial part fresh mass; total plant fresh mass; aerial part dry mass, and the Dickson quality index. The concentrations between 38 and 69% of composted cattle manure combined with the application of liquid biofertilizer increased the initial growth of yellow passion fruit plants, making its use feasible in the production of seedlings.


Introduction
The genus Passiflora has about 400 species, 20 of which are restricted to Australia, China, India, Oceania and neighboring regions, and Southeast Asia, as well as Argentina, Chile, and the United States (Santos et al., 2012).
Academic studies mainly focus on the passion fruit culture (Passiflora edulis) due to its high commercial demand (Santos et al., 2012).One of its main species is the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims).In the agroindustrial chain, this fruit species plays an important role in the food, cosmetic, and medicinal areas, from its seedling formation stage to its fruit and by-products commercialization, generating employment and income (Costa et al., 2011).papaya (scientific name), Silva et al. (2009) with mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa), and Costa et al. (2012) baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata) in a research whose purpose was to formulate alternative substrates with cattle manure to grow fruit seedlings.
Biofertilizers are defined in Normative Instruction No. 46 of October 6, 2011(MAPA, 2012), as products that contain active components or biological agents capable of directly or indirectly act, entirely or partially, on cultivated plants, improving their production system performance; additionally they do not have substances that are prohibited by organic regulations.
One of the major problems in nursery seedlings production is related to the different alternative sources of substrates.Bovine manure is a low cost alternative in both the substrate formula and the source of organic biofertilizer.The use of different concentrations of bovine manure in the substrate formulation and absence of biofertilizer is a green bovine manure basis.In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of substrates with different amounts of bovine manure on the initial growth of yellow passion fruit with or without the biofertilizer liquid.

Material and Methods
The experiment was carried out between April and June of 2015, in the seedling production nursery of the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus IV, Catolé do Rocha county, PB (6°2′38″ S, 37°44′48″ W, 275 m).The nursery was covered with shading screen, allowing a luminosity level of 50 % inside it.The experimental design was a completely randomized, 5 × 2 factorial, with five repetitions, corresponding to five proportions of cattle manure (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the substrate volume) in substrate with and without 10 mL plant -1 of bovine biofertilizer.The first application was made 30 days after sowing (DAS), consisting of three applications of 10 mL of organic biofertilizer always applied at 8 hours per day.The propagation material used was the cultivar BRS GA1 launched in 2008 by Embrapa purchased in the local trade with a 95% purity level.
The material used to produce the bovine biofertilizer consisted of 70 kg of lactating cow green manure, 120 L of water, 4 kg of rock meal (MB4), 5 kg of vegetables (beans), 3 kg of wood ash, 5 L of milk and 5 kg of sugar to accelerate the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria for 35 days (Santos, 1992).The chemical composition of the bovine biofertilizer was analyzed through the dry matter at the Soil Fertility Laboratory (LFS) of theUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco State, presenting the following results: pH in H 2 O = 5.25; EC= 7.1 dS m -1 ; N = 0.8%; P = 403.4mg dm -3 ; K = 1.78 cmol -1 ; Mg = 6.0 cmol c L -1 and Ca = 5.4 cmol c L -1 .
The plant height was measured from the plant's base to its apex and the root length was measured from the base to the cap (final part of the root) with a ruler graduated, both in cm.The leaf area was measured according to the methodology adopted by Benincasa (2003).The leaf fresh mass, stem fresh mass, root fresh fresh mass, aerial part fresh mass, and total plant fresh mass were measured through weight with the assistance of a digital scale with a precision of 0.1 mg.
The area dry mass was obtained after drying it in an air-circulation oven at 65 °C for 72 h and then weighed in a digital scale.The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was calculated according to Dickson et al. (1960), through the equation: Where, TDM = total dry mass; H = plant height; SD: stem diameter; RDM = root dry mass; APDM = aerial part dry mass.
The data were submitted for analysis of variance by the F test and regression up to 5% of significance, using the software SAS University Edition (Cody, 2015).

Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the results of the analysis of variance, in which the biofertilizer influences effects only for SFM, RFM, APDM and DQI.Interaction between manure and biofertilizer influences all variables except RL.However, it was observed that the unfolding of RL in bovine manure depletion was with and without the biofertilizer (B0).
Variation of source (VS), degree of freedom (DF), variation of coefficient (VC).
The proportions of composted cattle manure influenced the plant height, with and without the biofertilizer (Figure 1A).The maximum efficiency of cattle manure was in the proportions of 39.43% and 36.96%,respectively, which resulted in plant heights of 24.49 and 18.78 cm.The addition of biofertilizer resulted in a height increase of 23.31% of the seedling.
The benefit of cattle manure, according to Oliveira et al. (2010), may be related to the fact that, in proper amounts, it can supply the plants' needs due to the elevation of available levels of N, P, and K, which achieved the greatest contents in the soil.

Figur pr
The   the DQI with RFM, TPFM, and APDM, which is an index that indicates the seedlings' quality through dehydrated vegetable matter, because the greater the DQI is, the better the seedlings will be for plantation.

Conclusions
The proportion of 38% to 69% of composted cattle manure in association with the application of the liquid biofertilizer increased the initial growth of yellow passion fruit plants, making its use feasible in the production of seedlings.The proportion of 41.7% to 80% of composted cattle manure without the biofertilizer promoted greater values of RL, SLA, APDM, and DQI in Passiflora edulis Sims f flavicarpa Deg.
The proportion of 64% of bovine manure promotes better DQI, an indication that this dose is the best to produce quality seedlings.
Figure 2. fruit seed Dickson quality index  (DQI).submitted to concentration of cattle manure and liquid biofertilizer in Passiflora edulis Sims

Table 2 .
Correlation matrix between the growth and biomass variables in yellow passion fruit seedlings