Management of Propagation Techniques of the Specie Croton lechleri Muell.Arg

With the aim of increasing the production of Croton lechleri Mull.Arg plants due to its attributes as a medicinal plant, the effect of different types of stakes and substrates as root promoters under intermittent nebulization conditions was evaluated. The work was conducted through a randomized complete block scheme adapting a factorial of 4 × 3, being the factors types of stakes (apical with leaves, apical without leaves, medium and basal) and substrates (sand, sand + Aserrin (1:1) and Aserrin (100%) at the rate of 10 stakes per repetition totaling 360 stakes throughout the experiment. The percentage of root (%), dead stakes (%), sprouted stakes (%), dead stake diameter was evaluated. (mm), shoot length (cm) and root length (cm) The Aserrin provided the highest number of dead stakes and the smallest number of shoots in the species, with apical stakes with leaves and the combination of sand + Aserrin as a substrate providing the highest percentage of roots formed, therefore these two factors influence the production of plants in the dragon blood species.

species, inadequate management in the production of sap, the increase of the agricultural frontier, the occurrence of small populations in Brazil, are some of the difficulties that predominate, therefore necessary studies are necessary to domesticate and diversify the species (Osakada & Yuyama, 2009).
The use of organic substrates in the production of plants is another factor to take into consideration since these provide nutrients that the stake needs to form roots. According to Sadhu (2005), any nutrient available for the associated metabolic processes in cell differentiation and root system formation is considered essential for their formation. Edaphoclimatic factors and others need control and care so that the induction of roots happens in a satisfactory way (Andrade, 2014). Therefore, this research aims to determine the capacity of roots formation of dragon blood stakes evaluated in organic substrates under an intermittent nebulization system.

Local
It was developed in the fruit growing sector of the Brazilian agricultural research company (Embrapa, RR), in the summer season, located on the BR 174 highway, km 8, CP 133, Industrial District, Boa Vista, RR, in conjunction with the Federal University of Roraima. The municipality of Boa Vista is located at a latitude of 02°49′12″ N and longitude 60°40′23″ W, at an altitude of 85 m above sea level, its climate is Aw type according to the classification of Köppen, annual rainfall of 1,667 mm, relative humidity of 70% and room temperature around 27.4 °C respectively (Neto et al., 2016).

Collect of Vegetative Material
The vegetative material comes from a small plantation of seven years old, on the mainland, in a particular place, located at BR 174, km 8, municipality of Manaus, AM. The collection was done in the morning using a pruning scissors, the branches were removed with 20 cm in length being kept in water, conditioned in plastic boxes containing ice in its base with the purpose of avoiding dehydration, then transported for the Fruit growing sector of Embrapa Roraima. In the nursery the stakes were prepared according to the treatment at a ratio of 20 cm in length the stem diameter varied by the different sizes of the evaluated stakes.

Experimental Design
The experiment was conducted under an experimental delineation of randomized complete blocks in a factorial scheme (4 × 3), with the factors being types of cuttings (apical with leaves (E1), apical without leaves (E2), median (E3) and basal (E4) and three types of substrates (sand (S1), sand + Aserrin (S2) and Aserrin (S3) Each experimental plot was composed of 10 stakes with four repetitions, after which the stakes were placed and conducted in greenhouse with a cover plastic and an intermittent nebulization system, the irrigation was programmed for 4 times a day lasting 6 minutes this with the purpose of avoiding stress generated by the environmental conditions of the region.

Preparation of Treatments
The substrates used in the experiment were prepared with the purpose of improving the conditions for the production of roots, the sand was obtained from the river bank branco, cast to facilitate the filling of the banks, the Aserrin obtained from the mountainous area industrial of the city of Boa Vista, this was cast using a 5 mm mesh, mineralized for a period of 3 months, the combination sand + Aserrin (1:1) has the purpose of intermediate effects of both substrates. The analysis of the materials was carried out following the methodology of (Silva, 2009).

Variables Evaluated and Statistical Analysis
Root production (%), dead stakes (%), shoots with shoots (%), dead stake diameter (mm), shoot length (cm) and root length (cm) at 84 days after installation of the experiment. These data were subjected to analysis of variance by the test of F, and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability, being processed through the statistical program SISVAR (Ferreira, 2011).

Results and Discussion
The summary of the analysis of variance (Table 1) showed a significant effect on the stake x substrate interaction for the variables of the dead stake diameter (DEM) and shoot length (LB). For the percentage variables of dead stakes (% EM), percentage of stakes with shoots (% EB), percentage of roots (% R) and length of roots (LR) there were only significant simple effects of the type of stake and substrate. Tablet 1. Summary of the analysis of variance of number of dead stakes (% EM), diameter of dead stake (DEM), number of stakes com brotos (% EB), compression of broto (CB), percentage of enraizamento (% E) and root compression (CR) of mutant drags (Croton lechleri Mull.Arg) produced by the type of stakes and different substrates. Boa Vista, RR, 2016 Note. Legend: ns, * and **: Not significant, significant at 5% and significant 1% probability, respectively, by the test F. FV: source of variation; GL: degrees of freedom. EM: percentage of dead cuttings; DEM: diameter of the dead stake; %EB: percentage of cuttings with shoots; CB: sprout compliance; %E: rooting percentage; CR: root compliance.
In the percentage variable of dead stakes, the highest results were for the Arena and Aserrin treatments with 55.63 and 65% respectively (Table 2). Probably, the high mortality was provided due to the low and high humidity in the substrates, associating the high temperatures in Greenhouse, one of the observations was that in the first 35 days of evaluation the stakes showed many shoots until they reached their death one week later, where medium and basal stakes presented the highest percentages of 57.5 and 60.0% respectively. Palomino and Barra (2003) mention that the species does not present positive results in the propagation by cuttings in the species. According to Da Silva et al. (2009) deficiencies in essential elements of substrates increase the percentage of mortality. Another characteristic can be attributed to the absence of leaves in medium and basal stakes, these have the ability to capture solar energy for the production of carbohydrates that stimulate root formation (Abanto et al., 2014). However, Days et al. (2015) attribute this phenomenon to the thermal stress caused by the same greenhouse conditions, with intermittent coverage and nebulization.
For the diameter of the dead stake the basal stakes were the ones with the highest average 17.87 (mm) in treatment S2 (Sand + Aserrin), followed by S1 (Sand) 16.12 (mm) and S3 (Aserrin 12.39 mm).
The apical stakes with and without leaves in all the evaluated substrates (Table 2) presented the lowest averages. This variable is very important at the time of selecting, with the advantage that some contribute higher amounts of auxins and other nutrients that help the process of root formation and outbreaks of plant species. According to Santos et al. (2011) the anatomy of the stalk in larger diameter stakes can act negatively in root formation and root quality formed. However, Ferreira et al. (2010) mention that the smaller diameters present high mortality percentages in Manihot glaziovii Mull.Arg, differing statistically in the results of this investigation.
The substrate that presented the highest percentage of sprouts sprouted was (Sand + Aserrin) in apical stakes with and without leaves at the rate of 55.62 and 44.37%, it is attributed to the capacity of balanced moisture retention provided conditions to mobilize and use efficiently their nutritional reserves, where apical stakes with leaves obtained 50% of outbreaks, this factor is attributed to their hormonal reserves (Table 2). According to Cunha et al. (2012) this phenomenon is influenced to the levels of hormones, however an imbalance between axins, gibberalins and cytosines do not favor the process of bud formation in apical stakes. Luz et al. (2007) show that the highest percentage of shoots is provided in the sand as an ideal substrate in the vegetative propagation of herbaceous cuttings.  Note. Means followed by the same letter, lowercase in the columns and upper case in the lines, do not differ by Tukey test at 5% probability. E1 = Apical with leaves, E2 = Apical without leaves, E3 = Median, E4 = Basal; S1 = Sand, S2 = Sand + Sawing (1:1), S3 = Sawing.
It was verified that the basal stakes evaluated in the substrate Sand + Aserrin presented the best results in length of shoots at a rate of 16.0 (cm), followed by the apical ones without leaves 15.0 (cm) and medium stakes 13.0 (cm) respectively, stakes with greater Diameters accumulate more reserves and photoassimilates in the formation of outbreaks (Santos et al., 2016). The lowest values were obtained in Aserrin as a substrate, attributing humidity as the main factor, observing that some shoots dried in all the cuttings (Table 2). These results agree with Pereira and Yuyama (2002) being that the length of shoots is greater in basal stakes due to their nutritive reversals, carbohydrates as an energy source for the production of new tissues and diameter of the stakes (Marchese et al., 2010;Biondi et al., 2008). Aserrin negatively influenced the length of shoots, a fact that is attributed to high humidity, can also be attributed to the genetic variability of the parent plants or the time of stalk collection (Abanto et al., 2014).
For percentage of roots formed (Table 2), the best means were obtained for apical stakes with leaves, tested on substrates composed of Sand and Sand + Aserrin, with 55 and 57.5% respectively. According to Junior et al. (2009) the presence of leaves provides quantities of photo assimilates used in root formation. Same as the substrate allows greater availability of oxygen to the base of the stake, favoring the process of root formation (Gomes et al., 2015). These results show that the species has an affinity between moisture equilibrium, porosity and substrate temperature and the presence of leaves, which determined the greatest amount of root formed, being a determining factor for the success of the vegetative propagation of the plant species (Dias et al., 2012;Pereira et al., 2015). Aserrin provided the lowest percentages of roots in all types of stakes evaluated at a rate of 40% respectively, presenting greater callus formation, a particular feature of the pure substrate (Ristow et al., 2012).
In length of roots apical stakes with leaves, medium and basal provided 35.65, 33.43 and 32.8 (cm) containing sand as a substrate, the presence of leaves and the diameter of the stake influenced physiologically providing jas.ccsenet.org Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 11, No. 6; translocation of solutes and photo assimilates becoming quality factors (Pacheco & Franco, 2008). The apical stalks without leaves obtained the smallest length of 18.30 (cm) in all the substrates evaluated, this due to the process of cell division that has a greater influence on the formation of apical meristems in this type of stakes (Vignolo et al., 2014).

Conclusions
The apical stakes with leaves presented the highest percentages of roots in the species Croton lechleri, being possible their propagation by the method of stakes if one has these morphological characteristics.
The best substrate was the combination Sand + Aserrin (1:1), in the formation of roots of the species Croton lechleri.