Fertilization With Nitrogen , Phosphorus and Potassium on Soil Fertility and Nutritional Status of Yellow Passion Fruit Plants

The research had as objective to study the influence of the doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil fertility and nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in an incomplete fractioned factorial 1/2 (4 × 4 × 4), with four doses of N (150, 300, 600 and 1200 Kg ha yr N); four doses of P2O5 (200, 400, 800 and 1600 kg ha yr) and four doses of K2O (100, 300, 500 and 700 kg ha yr). The fertilizers used were the ammonium nitrate = 32% N; triple superphosphate = 44% P2O5 and potassium chloride = 60% K2O. In the fertility of the nitrogen fertilization increased the content of phosphorus and sulfur. The doses of P2O5 increased the concentration of P in the soil. The doses of K2O influenced the increase in the content of K in the soil in the harvest 2013/2014. There was an interaction of the doses of N and K2O in the availability of K in the soil in the harvest 2012/13 with the maximum levels of K, in the doses of 200-400 kg N ha and 600 to 700 kg ha of K2O. In the nutritional state the yellow passion fruit plants was influenced by the doses of N for the sulfur content of the leaves. The maximum content of S leaf concentration of 3.63 g kg was obtained in the dose estimated at 1120 kg ha of P2O5.


Introduction
The Argisols constitute the soil class of greater spatial expression in the state of São Paulo, occupying 29% of its area.In general, the Argisols are susceptible to erosion by presenting textural gradient between the horizon A or E and the horizon B. These soils, especially when they present abrupt textural change, have low or very low resistance to erosion (Oliveira, 1999).
The morphology of these soils, mostly straight, with extensive length of rail, current vegetation cover of grass and land use by pasture and crops of sugar cane.In general, the original vegetation was removed, and currently there is a predominance of grass (Fushimi & Nunes, 2012).Due to removal of native vegetation of these areas, and susceptibility to erosion, in general, the soils are exposed to environmental weathering that lead later, to the loss of horizon layer causing the loss of nutrients on the soil surface layer.Thus, aiming at the recovery of these areas for agriculture, it is necessary to carry out the mineral nutrition of the soil in search of improving soil fertility.
The yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.), represents approximately 97% of national production of passion fruit plant.The cultivation of passion fruit plant is of great importance for small and medium-sized rural properties (Agrianual, 2017).In the state of São Paulo, due to the proximity of the major centers of consumption, the main form of marketing of passion fruit is the "in natura" fruit market (Vianna-Silva et al., 2008).And in the western region of the state the crop is being grown in areas with a predominance of sandy and degraded soils, where it was previously used for cattle grazing.
The west region of São Paulo is among a few large producers of passion fruit of the state, it produced in 2017 around 225 thousand boxes of 16 kg of fruit, being one of the main crops among the fruit cultures produced in rural properties (IEA, 2018).In recent years the culture has gone through several modifications in its production technology, such as the handling manner and cultural managements.Among these modifications the planting of varieties is observed that are more productive and reduce the spacing.Even noting reasonable results in productivity in the region, it is a fact the necessity of changing the plants nutrition in the field, to adapt to the production system aiming to seek the maximum response in yield and fruits quality.
Of the nutrients, nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are the nutrients absorbed in greater quantity by the passion fruit plant.Nitrogen has a structural function in the plant, being fundamental for the vegetative growth and production (Kliemann et al., 1986;Baumgartner, 1987), stimulating the development of flowering and fruitful buds.Thus, in its lacking the growth is slow, the size is reduced, with the presence of thin branches and in smaller numbers (Marteleto, 1991).
K is present in the plant in ionic form, acting as enzymatic activator and participating of various processes (Malavolta et al., 2006).The deficiency of this nutrient reduces the weight of the plant and the production of fruits, in addition to interfering with the quality of the fruits and the juice.In the passion fruit plant, the phosphorus (P), is an important nutrient in procedures for storage and transfer of energy.In its deficiency, the yellow passion fruit plants have low growth, smaller stem diameter, premature defoliation, slender tendrils and developed function and the fruits are green or yellowish uneven color (Rezende et al., 2008).
Thus, this research had as objective to study the influence of mineral nutrition with doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on interaction of nutrients in the soil fertility and nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants, in São Paulo state region.

Characteristics of the Experimental Area
The study was conducted in the field in two experimental areas located in the municipality of Presidente Prudente, West region of the state of São Paulo.The area 1, was in the experimental area of Apta (São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness Technology), in the period from September 2012 to July 2013.The area is located at 460 m of altitude, whose geographical coordinates are: Latitude 22º07′04″.8S and longitude 51º23′01″.5W. The area 2 was carried out in a commercial area in the district of Montalvão, in the period from September 2013 to July 2014.The area is located at 460 m of altitude, whose geographical coordinates are: Latitude 22º05′04″.8S and longitude 51º20′55″.5W. The region's climate is Aw according to the Köeppen classification, with rainy summer and a dry winter, where the coldest month presents average temperature above 18 ºC.The annual precipitation is approximately 1250 mm (Cepagri, 2015).In Figure 1, there are the climatic data during the years 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, according to data from the meteorological station of UNESP, Presidente Prudente-SP.

Physic
The soil of analysis of (802 g kg - sand (848 textural cla  The seedlings in plastic bag received 6 g of commercial fertilizer Basacote-Mini 3M ® for the development during the handling period.The chemical composition of Basacote presented as a guarantee: 13% N; 6% P 2 O 5 ; 16% K 2 O; 1.4% Mg; 10% S; 0.02% B; 0.15% Fe; 0.06 Mn and 0.05% Cu.During the development the seedlings were irrigated until the substrate reached the field capacity.In the month of September, the seedlings were taken to the field with approximately 2 meters in height for the planting. The area was prepared in advance of 90 days, where it was first held the first soil tillage, and subsequently the demarcation of the experimental area, such as the opening of the grooves of planting.After the soil preparation the fences and the bamboos in the area for identification of the plots were placed.The liming was performed 90 days before planting, by applying the dolomitic limestone according to soil analysis (Table 1) to increase the base saturation to 80%.
The passion fruit plant was planted at 3.30 m spacing between rows × 2.0 m between plants (1515 plants ha -1 ), with useful portion of 39.6 m², being formed of six useful plants, the plants of the central row.The plot was constituted by three rows, totaling 18 plants, being 6 plants in each row, being the total of 118.8 m² plot, occupying a total area 3801.6 m 2 .
In the harvests 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 the production system adopted for the passion fruit plant was in dryland conditions.For weed control 2 applications were performed of herbicides Paraquat (Gramonoxe 200) and Finale (Glusofinate of ammonium salt).In the diseases control 7 preventive fungicide applications were performed based on copper oxychloride (Recop), Mancozebe (Dithane NT) and Tionato Methyl (Cercobin 700 WP) and an application of Pyrethroid (Decis 25 CE) for the pests' control.

Fertilization Management
The mineral fertilizers used as source of N, P and K were the ammonium nitrate = 32% N; triple superphosphate (SFR) = 42% P 2 O 5 and potassium chloride (KCI) = 60% K 2 O.In triple superphosphate fertilization (44% P 2 O 5 ) was applied in a single dose in the furrow at planting, along with the micronutrients (50 g of FTE BR 12/ plant).The nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) were divided into six soil covers (October to April) in each experiment, in increasing doses accompanying the plants development to minimize losses by leaching in soil and improve the utilization of nutrients.

Characteristics Evaluated
The soil samplings were carried out at 270 DAP-days after planting in the months of June 2013 and 2014, collecting the soil with the use of probe type soil at a depth of 0-20 cm (one sample from each side of the six useful plants), approximately 15 cm from the stem of useful plants, forming a composite sample per treatment.All samples were packed and duly identified and brought to the Soil Laboratory of Unoeste.The samples were dried, and the chemical contents of the soil were determined according to the methodology of Raji et al. (2001) of pH (CaCl 2 ); O.M.; H + Al; SB; CEC; V%; P; SO 4 2-; K; Ca and Mg.
The foliar analyzes were performed by collecting the fourth leaf from 180 DAP-days after planting, of median branches without fruits, obtaining a compound sample by treatment, according to the methodology of Malavolta et al. (1989).The fresh leaves were washed in distilled water containing a little bit of detergent; then, they were rinsed with distilled water, in successive portions to remove all the detergent, and then placed on absorbent paper.
The leaf samples were placed in paper bags and put out to dry in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 65 0 C. The samples were ground using the milling type Wiley.After the samples processing, the chemical analyses were carried out for the determination of the levels of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) according to the methodology described by Malavolta et al. (1997).

Statistical Analysis
The  2010), and the variables whose response was significant to the doses were analyzed by regression testing for the significance level of p < 0.05; < 0.10%.The results that make interaction among the nutrients N, P and K were analyzed by the surface response (Banzatto & Kronka, 2006).

Effect
In the soil the minera results of t

Conclus
In the fert increased t soil in the soil in the ha -1 of K

Fig
Fig , black, plastic bag polyethylene and perforated, filled with commercial substrate Plantmax ® .During the cycle were 3 fungicide applications performed (Azoxystrobin) to avoid the development of diseases.
obtained data were analyzed by a mathematical model: y = b 0 + b 11 N+ b 22 P² + b 3 K + b 33 K² + b 12 NP + b 13 NK + b 23 PK, subjected to analysis of variance by the statistical program SAS (Statistical Analyzes System) 9.2 (SAS,

Figure
Figure

Table 1
Agricultural Sci 144 re (°C) and rain isol, sandy tex th the followin eing classified kg -1 ) were ob n in Table1.