Effect of Insulator on Thermal Comfort in Poultry House in the Western Region of the State of Paraná

This work was carried out with the objective of evaluating effect of different insulation considering two poultry houses. Two dark house type, located in the western region of the State of Paraná, Brazil were analyzed. The poultry house A1 is characterized with trapezoidal aluzinc cover on the upper side interspersed with a layer of polyurethane and aluminized film on the underside, while the poultry house A2 has cover of aluzinc with black tarpaulin. A thermo-hygrometer was used to measure the temperature and relative humidity of the indoor and outdoor air, and a thermal imager was used to collect the surface temperature data of the birds. In this way, it was possible to evaluate the effect of different insulation of poultry houses on birds. Finally, was concluded that the poultry house A1 provided temperature and relative humidity and temperature of the birds closer to those considered as ideal in the literature.


Introduction
The world production of chicken meat showed high rates in 2015, totaling 88,010 million tons.The highlight of production is the United States of America, followed by Brazil and then by China.Besides the high performance, Brazil also stands out as the main exporter of chicken meat.The records of 2015 show that the country has exported 4,304 million tons, with the state of Paraná as the best performing, accounting for 35.70% (ABPA, 2016a).Thus, in the midst of such expansion, Brazilian poultry is concerned with serving the most discerning markets, aligning itself with the concepts of sustainability (UBABEF, 2011).
Ministry of Agriculture has set guidelines for poultry welfare and management.By practicing animal welfare, the producer tends to have potential for increased productivity and consequently an improvement in profits.In addition to benefiting from the minimization of losses due to inappropriate management (MAPA, 2008).
The animal submitted to a stressful environment will have impact like slow growth reduction, loss of nutrients, low resistance to diseases and alteration of respiratory rate (Baêta & Souza, 2010).In this way, it is understood that in addition to genetics, management and nutrition, the interaction between animal and the environment is extremely relevant in animal performance when higher productivity is sought (Baêta & Souza, 2010;Costa, Dourado, & Merval, 2012).
For the characterization of the ideal thermal environment for the animal, the effects of wind, radiation, humidity and temperature are considered as important parameters (Baêta & Souza, 2010).In poultry, temperature control in buildings is considered to be the greatest difficulty in handling broiler chickens (Belusso & Hespanhol, 2010).Furlan and Macari (2008) reported that for one day old chicks the suitable thermoneutral zone is between 33 °C to 35 °C with 65% to 70% relative humidity.As they grow and reach between ten and fifteen days of life, the temperature belonging to the zone of thermal comfort is reduced between 24 ºC to 33 ºC, while for the fourth week of age and after the sixth week, the authors indicate that the recommended temperature becomes between 21 ºC to 22 ºC.Studies pointed that birds exposed to high temperatures, from 32 ºC to 38 ºC, suffer and may have panic, watery stools, bristling legs, open wings, depression and increased water consumption (Tan et al., 2010).In another experiment, it was observed that birds exposed for three hours at an ambient temperature of 35 °C showed a state of heat stress, where it was possible to verify the increase in body temperature, respiratory alteration, and a dispersed distribution in the cage (Han et al al., 2010).
Hence, it is important to analyze the particularities of each region to choose the appropriate building system (Neufert, 2005;Tinoco, 2001).In this sense, the architectural layout of the poultry house should have a strong potential for heat and ventilation control (The Poltry Site, 2008).The different constructive typologies are characterized by the variability of technologies and operating systems adopted in the poultry house, and can be classified in conventional, semiclimatized or automated systems, climatized, dark house and blue house (Garcia & Ferreira Filho, 2005; V. M. N. Abreu & P. G. Abreu, 2011).In the dark house system the use of energy generator becomes indispensable.This system adopts the use of controllers that perform functions in all the internal sectors.The feeders are automatic and the nipple system was used for watering.For the cooling system, nebulization or pad cooling associated with negative pressure exhausters can be used.The use of baffles may or may not occur.The light intensity control system is performed by the use of dimmer.The curtains are completely sealed, not allowing the entrance of light and air, usually in black polyethylene on one side and silver on the other (V.M. N. Abreu & P. G. Abreu, 2011).The production of birds in controlled facilities usually provide superior performance as compared to birds produced in naturally ventilated environments, and this is due to the fact that ideal bird comfort conditions can be maintained (Glatz & Pym, 2007).
As for the roofing system, the roof is the constructive component that represents greater relevance in an installation focused on poultry, and this is due to the area coverage that receives solar radiation (Sampaio, Cardoso, & Souza, 2011).Studies indicate that a solution to control internal temperature of the poultry house, is to use white paint on the external surfsce.In asbestos roofs, the temperature was reduced by up to 9 °C at the 1pm (Sarmento et al., 2005).The high efficiency in the reduction of internal temperature was also observed with ceramic tiles and fiber cement, making them recommended to cover animal production facilities (Sampaio, Cardoso, & Souza, 2011).However, in the case of broiler birds, it is observed that the use of paint exclusively does not present efficiency when evaluated on comfort indexes considered as ideal (Baêta & Souza, 2010).In this way, it is evident the necessity of the adequate choice of roofing materials (Tinoco, 2001) that in certain cases can receive lining systems as an option to reinforce the heat exchange barrier (Baêta & Souza, 2010), or the use of insulating materials attached to the roof tile, composing a roof tile in the sandwich model.
In this sense, in order to collaborate with poultry production for high productivity and animal welfare related to the thermal stress, poultry house architecture planning is associated with the choice of an effective coverage system.Therefore, the present research starts from the premise that different systems of covering and wrap presents different behaviors regarding thermal performance.The aim of this study was to evaluate two dark house systems, one with a typical cover, one with a tarpaulin, and the other with a roof with thermoacoustic tiles, consolidating the information serving as a contribution to the producers, managers of poultry projects and other professionals in the sector.Finally, the objective was to evaluate the parameters of comfort in the poultry houses, considering the average internal temperature, internal average relative humidity and the average temperature of the bird.

Location of Experiments
The study was conducted in two dark house chicken broilers belonging to the same cooperative, located in the municipality of Missal, in the western region of the State of Paraná, Brazil.The geographical coordinates of the poultry house A1 can be identified by latitude 25º3′15″ and longitude 54º15′40″ to the west, oriented west-east, and poultry house A2 by latitude 25º4′48″ to the south and longitude 54º11′32″ to West, oriented East-West.Data collection was performed during the summer of 2017 in the months of December and January.
According to the classification of Koppen and Geiger the climate in Missal is warm and temperate of the type Cfa (Subtropical climate with hot summer), with an average temperature of 20.2 ºC.There is significant rainfall during the year in the municipality, even in July which is the driest month, having an annual average of 1734 mm.The highest average temperature is 24.6 ºC and occurs in January, while the lowest average temperature is 15.3 ºC and occurs in June (Climate Data ORG, 2017).jas.ccsenet.

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Results and Discussion
The average values of the temperatures (ºC) and the relative humidity (%), internal and external, obtained for the poultry houses A1 and A2, through the thermohygrometer, can be observed in Table 2.
From the interaction of the data between the two poultry houses, it can be seen that in the first week of data collection, the behavior of the average external temperatures showed the value of 37 ºC for poultry house A1 and 28 ºC for poultry house A2, while average internal temperatures recorded in the first week in A1 and second week in A2 were 34.3 ºC and 29.3 ºC, respectively.Based on the premise that the poultry plant that favors chick development at the thermoneutrality temperature according to age has a better thermal performance, it can be verified that the poultry house A1 presented internal average temperature for the first week of data collection, which were close to those considered as ideal when related to the parameter from 33 °C to 35 °C, while the poultry house A2 presented values slightly below those recommended from 30 °C to 33 °C (Macari & Furlan, 2001;Bedin, 2015).In the second week of data collection, mean external temperatures presented data of 27.5 ºC for poultry house A1 and 26.3 ºC for poultry house A2, and average internal temperatures recorded were 29.4 ºC for the first week of life of the bird in poultry house A1 and of 26.9 ºC for the second week of life of the bird in the poultry house A2.
According to the parameters of 30 ºC to 33 ºC (Macari & Furlan, 2001;Bedin, 2015), it was verified that the two poultry house were below the conditions recommended for the development of the bird according to age, but it can be observed that the average temperature collected in poultry house A1 is closer to the ideal minimum value.
The behavior of the average external temperatures, on the third week of life of the bird and the data collection, registered 33.8 ºC for the poultry house A1 and 31.1ºC for the poultry house A2.The average internal temperatures were between 31.3 ºC for the poultry house A1 and 29 ºC for the poultry house A2.Thus, following the foundations of 27 ºC to 30 ºC (Macari &Furlan, 2001;Bedin, 2015) it was verified that the poultry house A2 met the desirable values for the development of the bird according to the age.
Finally, it can be concluded that poultry house A1 showed an average internal temperature closer to that considered as ideal.In Figure 13 it is possible to visualize the internal average temperature variation registered in the poultry houses, during the three weeks of collection, with the comparison of the recommended values according to Macari and Furlan (2001;Bedin, 2015).

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Table 2 .
Average internal and external temperature and relative humidity in the poultry houses A1 and A2 in the first three weeks of birds housing and without thermal insulation on the roof, to observe characteristics and performance over the phases of bird development.