Physical and Physiological Quality of Safflower Seed Stored in Different Packages and Temperatures

Seed storage is one of the oldest techniques that, besides protecting against attacks of microorganisms and insects, has as main goal to preserve the product, with minimum losses, ensuring vigor and viability of the seeds. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorium L.) is a crop with great agricultural potential due to the high content of oil in its seed and can be a viable alternative in the production of biofuel. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of packaging and storage temperatures on the physical and physiological quality of safflower seeds. The experiment was conducted in the soil and plant production and bromatology laboratories of the Institute of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso Campus of Rondonópolis, in the period of July to September 2014. The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) and two packages (cotton and paper) with five replicates. The physical quality parameters (water content in the seed, mass of one thousand seeds, hectolitre weight) and physiological parameters (percent germination, Seed viability (Tetrazolium), accelerated aging and electric conductivity) of the seeds were evaluated. The physical quality of the safflower seed was not influenced by, the types of packaging and storage temperature. The physiological parameters of safflower seeds were significantly altered by the the type of containers and storage temperatures conditions. The paper packaging, at temperatures of 20 and 25 °C, provided greater conservation of the seed.


Introduction
One of humanity's greatest challenges is to discover new readily available alternative energy sources that result in lower environmental impacts and are renewable.Safflower has emerged as a viable alternative to energy because it presents high oil contents reaching 50% (Silva, 2013).Due to its oleic potential, it can be used as a raw material to produce biofuel thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
In addition to the production of oil it is also used in human consumption and animal feed.According to Augustinho (2013), silage cake is used as an alternative feed for sheep without prejudice to its metabolic functions.Safflower oil presents high levels of linoleic and oleic acids, which are considered of the highest quality for human consumption, presenting lower health risks (Silva, 2013).
However, to better exploit crop potential, deepen studies are required which considers physical and physiological parameters during storage to obtain seeds with vigor and viability, thus expressing their maximum development in the field.According to Cardoso et al. (2012), the seed under goes detoriation process during storage, but knowing its characteristics this deterioration can be delayed.
According to Smaniotto et al. (2013), the temperature and water content in the seed are the major factors affects the seed quality during storage.In addition water content and storage temperature are factors that influence the respiration rate and seed susceptibility to microorganism attack.The temperature interferes with the speed of the biochemical processes that occur in the seeds, their water content, in turn, is controlled by the local air humidity (Goldfarb & Queiroga, 2013).the seed during its storage, this in turn, is directly linked to the temperature and pressure during storage.The type of packaging determines the rate of deterioration and, therefore, in the maintenance of the physiological quality of the seeds, packaging that reduces gaseous exchange and water with environment, reduces the metabolic processes ensuring the prolongation and longer longevity of the seeds during storage (Antonelle et al., 2009;Jeromini et al., 2015).
In view of the above, the goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of packaging and storage temperatures on the physical and physiological quality of safflower seed.

Method
The experiment was carried out in soil and plant production laboratories and in the bromatology laboratory of the Institute of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Rondonópolis, The experiment was conducted in the soil and plant production and bromatology laboratories of the Institute of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso Campus of Rondonópolis, in the period of July to September 2014.The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 °C) and two packages (paper and cotton) with 5 replicates.
Safflower seeds harvested in July 2014, in the municipality of Primavera do Leste-MT, located at latitude 15°33′ S and longitude 54°17′ W, altitude of 636 m, warm tropical subhumid climate, with annual mean temperature 25 °C and annual average rainfall of 1804.40 mm.
The seeds were sieved using a set of 4, 2 and 1.18 mm sieves, by removing impurities and foreign materials.They were then, separated and packed in specific packages according to the specified treatments.
Two types of package were used to store the seeds: paper and cotton, 1 mm thick.The dimensions of the packages were 40 × 20 cm.Each package were placed with 600 g of seeds, to perform all tests at the end of the storage period, and were maintain stored for 30 days.
The physical and physiological parameters of the seeds were evaluated using the methodology described in the Seed Analysis Rules (MAPA, 2009).The water content in the seed was determined using the forced air circulation oven at 105±3 °C.The mass of one thousand seeds was performed in eight replicates of 100 seeds.
In the germination test, germitest paper substrate was used.For the evaluation of electrical conductivity, a conductivity meter of the Tecnopon brand, model mCA 150 was used.For the accomplishment of terazolium test, the seeds were immersed in solution of triphenyl chloride of tetrazólio to 1%.
In the evaluation of the accelerated aging, Gerbox plastic boxes were used, with non-galvanized wire sieves containing 40 mL of distilled water.The set was placed in incubator with controlled temperature at 41 °C, for 48 hours, according to methodology described by Girardi (2013).After the time, the seeds were submitted to moisture and germination test.
The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test, both at 5% probability, using the SISVAR statistical program (Ferreira, 2008).

Results and Discussion
There were no significant differences in the variables water content, mass in 1000 seeds and hectolitre weight (Table 1).Note.The averages followed by the same letter, vertically, do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test, at 5% probability.
The electrical conductivity was influenced by the packages at different storage temperatures.The temperature of 20 °C in paper package provided a lower conductivity value of 130.50 μS cm -1 g -1 , while at temperatures of 10 and 30 °C the lowest values for electrical conductivity were 140.20 and 136.00 μS cm -1 g -1 respectively, observed in cotton package (Table 2).In the ana temperatur (55.03%), These resu conservati preserving For seedlin the quadra and 3.13 c 24.84 and respectivel Figure 2 Figure 6 cotto

Table 1 .
Water content, mass of 1000 seeds, hectolitre weight of safflower seeds stored for 30 days in different packages and temperatures

Table 2
. Electric conductivity, percentage of germination, tetrazolium test, accelerated aging and seedling length of safflower seeds stored for 30 days in different packages and temperatures Note.The averages followed by the same letter, vertically, do not differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test, at 5% probability.jas.ccsenet.