Linguistic Choices in Hamid ’ s Moth Smoke : A Transitivity Analysis

The present study is aimed at an investigation of how meanings are construed in a literary text. The main theoretical framework employed for the data analysis was transitivity, which finds its roots in Halliday’s (1994) Systemic Functional Grammar. 21 texts from Hamid’s novel, Moth Smoke (MS) were selected as data. A sample size of 1100 complex clause sentences containing different processes, participants and circumstances was drawn for analysis. The focus of the study was the identification of transitivity patterns associated with the main characters of the novel following Simpson (2004) who viewed it “useful indicator of character in prose fiction” (p. 119). The findings of transitivity constructions showed that all types of processes were found in MS. Based on the rank of frequency, material processes were computed the most frequent processes. They did have frequency of occurrence as (1076=51.45%). The projection of mental processes was (13.91%) in the second position. The verbal processes were (11.23%), relational processes (19.75%) while the lowest projection was found in behavioural (2.63%) and existential (0.86%) processes. Male characters were ascribed with more material and verbal processes while females were drawn as having mental and attributive process clauses. The current study concluded that transitivity options can function as a useful analytical tool in the analysis of a literary text.


Introduction
The present study is carried out: i) to investigate how meanings are construed in a literary text, ii) to identify transitivity patterns associated with the main characters of Hamid's novel, MS and iii) to explore how the system of transitivity is employed by the author to convey his ideology to the readers.It is also concerned with the study of participants' roles in the novel under study.The main theoretical framework employed for the data analysis was transitivity, which finds its roots in Halliday's (1994) systemic functional grammar.2002) is based on the story of Darashikoh Shezad (Daru), an orphan, but a brilliant student of Lahore's elite Government College.His father died of gangrene in the Bangladesh war and his mother was killed with a starry bullet of Kalashnikov fired during a wedding ceremony (Pande, 2000).The names of the characters of the novel have been borrowed from the Mughal history, but they are not fit enough to their namesake and the analogy (Desai, 2000).Daru, the protagonist hankers after power, pelf and luxuries of life.He loses his well-paid job as a result of an exchange of words with a big gun, a feudal lord, and falls into an economic crisis.Despite falling into bad days, he continues to stick to the rich patterns of living which he can ill-afford.He falls in love with his best friend, Aurangzeb (Ozi)'s wife, Mumtaz.Daru complicates the matter by developing a sexual relationship with her.He does so when he is disappointed in Ozi on crushing an innocent poor boy in a reckless driving.Meanwhile, he even starts selling narcotics to keep his life going.Furthermore, he joins hands with Murad in a robbery plan to rob a boutique, but unluckily he kills a boy in the process.In the end, Ozi takes revenge by getting him arrested for his own crime of crushing a boy, using his wealth and corrupt system.The novel comprises strong implications.As an allegory, it describes the state of affairs in Pakistan.It "exposes the social disparity in Pakistani urban society and comments on the unequal distribution of wealth as a means of shaping the lives of the people belonging to different strata of society" (Tariq, 2008(Tariq, , p. 107). (1976) ) puts "every work achieves a unique balance among the types and components of meaning and embodies the writer's individual exploration of the functional diversity of language" (p.360).He leaves the choice for the readers.So, the readers read the novels differently and they base their interpretation on their interest and knowledge about the settings of the novels.The selected texts have been analyzed according to the transitivity choices, which may enhance the readers' perception.

Theoretical Framework: Transitivity System
Social actors and other entities are represented in texts by means of the transitivity system, a semantic concept (Haig, 2012, p. 48).It is generally referred to how meaning is structured and represented in a clause.As a source of transmission of ideas and meanings, it is considered to fall in the domain of the ideational function of language (Fowler, 1986).According to Halliday (1985), it is the part of ideational function of the clause, and the ideational function of the clause is concerned with the transmission of ideas, i.e. representing processes or experiences, actions, events and the processes of consciousness and relations.According to Matthiessen & Halliday (1997), "the ideational metafunction engenders resources for constructing our experience of the world around us and inside us; the ideational system at clause rank is transitivity" (p.15).It consists of two modes: process types (transitive) and agency (ergative).Transitivity is concerned with construal of experience by different processes, whereas ergative system is concerned with understanding of meaning from a general perspective in the sense that processes are either caused or not caused by any external agency.Transitivity, thus, is concerned with a coding of the goings on: who does what in relation to whom /what, where when, how and why.The transitivity analysis is related to identification of the process, its participants and circumstances "pertinent to the process-participants configuration" (Hasan, 1988, p. 63).Halliday (1985) opined the same: Our most powerful concern of reality is that it consists of "going on: of doing, happening, feeling and being."These goings on are sorted out in the semantic system of the language, and expressed through the grammar of clause... the clause involved simultaneously in another grammatical function expressing the reflective, experiential aspect of meaning.This is the system of transitivity.Transitivity specifies the different types of processes that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed (p. 101).
Every clause has three components namely i) process (material, mental, verbal, behavioral, relational and existential), ii) the participants (doer, senser, sayer, behaver, carrier/ token and existent), and iii) the circumstances associated with the process.The term "process" covers "all phenomena... and anything that can be expressed by a verb: event, whether physical or not, state or relation" (Halliday, 1976, p. 159).The process can be classified according to the criterion whether it represents action (material process: process of doing), speech (verbal process: process of saying), mental state (mental process: process of sensing), state of being (relational process: process of being), behaving (behavioral process) or existing (existential process).
Material processes are processes of happening and doing.Material processes have an actor or medium as a participant.An actor is the "entity to which something happens or is done" (Toolan, l998, p. 79).The following examples (taken from MS) clarify the notion: (i) The guard (Actor) walks (Process: Material), (ii) I (Actor) shut (Process: Material) my eyes (Goal), (iii) My elbows (Actor) tucked (Process: Material), (iv) And a shadow (Actor) falls (Process: Material) like blindness (Circumstance: Manner) over the shadows (Circumstance: Location) in the cell (Circumstance: Location), (Action is shown by human in (i) and (ii) and by human body part in (iii) or non-human in (iv).
Mental processes tell us how people think, feel and understand.The participant that thinks, feels or perceives something, is termed as senser and that which is felt, thought or perceived by the conscious senser, is called Phenomenon.The following examples describe mental processes: (i) I (Senser) know (Process: Mental) the identity of Zulfikar Manto (Phenomenon) (MS,, (ii) Mumtaz (Senser) assumes (Process: Mental) a mock-serious expression (Phenomenon) (iii) but I (Senser) 'm already (Circumstance: Location) imagining (Process: Mental) an elaborate rescue scenario (Phenomenon) (MS,.
Relational processes are describing verbs.The linking verbs represent these processes.According to Eggins (2004), it is divided into two major types i) attributive and ii) identifying processes.Other kinds of relational process include i) possessive and ii) circumstantial.The relational attributive process has two participants i) carrier and ii) attribute, whereas participants in identifying process are i) token (identified) and ii) value (identifier) and in the relational possessive process i) possessor and ii) possessed.For example, (i) and suddenly (Circumstance: Manner) I (Carrier) ' m (Process: Relational: Attributive) upset (Attribute) (MS, p. 44-47) (ii) She (Token)'s (Process: Relational: Identified) a moth (Value) as well (Circumstance: Manner) circling (Process: Material) me (Goal) (MS, p. 203-5) (iii) I (Actor) didn't lie (Process: Material), didn't pretend (Process: Mental) I (Possessor) hadn't had (Process: Relational: Possessive) an affair (Possessed) (MS,. Existential process is identified as the structure that involves the word "there".This existential "there" according to Eggins (2004, p. 214), has no representational meaning: location.It employs the verb "be" or its synonyms.It has only one participant, the Existent.For example, and then (Circumstance: Location) there is (Process: Existential) quiet (Existent) (MS, p. 5-6).
Circumstance is realized by circumstantial adjuncts.The circumstance extent deals with how the process extends in space and time while location, circumstance construes the location of the process in space and time, e.g.how many years (Circumstance: Extent) you (Goal) will be shut (Process: Material) in prison (Circumstance: Location) (MS,.The manner circumstance deals with how the process is realized.For example, I (Actor) need to present (Process: Material) my case (Goal) forcefully (Circumstance: Manner) (MS,.The cause circumstance shows the reason that the process is realized.For instance, the rest of us (Carrier) are (Process: Relational: Attributive) idiots (Attribute) for settling (Circumstance: Cause) for jobs (Circumstance: Cause) (MS, p. 44-47).The contingency circumstance specifies an element on which the actualization of the process depends.For example, although (Circumstance: Contingency) I (Senser) doubt (Process: Mental) it (Phenomenon) (MS, p. 48-52).The accompaniment circumstance represents the meanings "and", "or", "not" as circumstantial e.g., It (Actor) so (Circumstance: Manner) happened (Process: Material) that on one rainy day (Circumstance: Location) an occasional client of mine, the inimitable Professor Julius Superb (Actor) brought (Process: Material) one of his favorite students (Goal) into my rickshaw (Circumstance: Location) with him (Circumstance: Accompaniment) (MS, p. 61-62).The role circumstance represents the meaning of be or become.The example is "and he (Actor) embraced (Process: Material) Darashikoh (Goal) as a partner (Circumstance: Role) when (Circumstance: Location) the latter (Actor) fell (Process: Material) from cooling (Circumstance: Location)" (MS, p. 104-105).The Matter circumstance may be probed by the interrogative "what about?And she (Actor) presses (Process: Material) against my side (Circumstance: Matter)" (MS, p. 201-3).The angle circumstance represents the source or viewpoint of the process, e.g. and I (Possessor) don't have (Process: Relational: Possessive) the money (Possessed) (to buy (Process: Material) fuel (Goal) for it (Beneficiary)) in any case (Circumstance: Angle) (MS, p. 90-91).
The Transitivity model provides us a viable framework for revealing the main linguistic features of the novel under study.It plays a pivotal role in showing how the author encodes through language choice, his mental picture of reality and how he accounts for his experience of the world around him.In other words, it helps in evaluating language used by the author and highlighting how he construes ideology through foregrounding specific linguistic choices in his writings.

Previous Studies in the Field
There are a number of significant research studies on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Grammatical Metaphor (GM) aiming to investigate political, literary or other discourses in various veins and genres as follows.
In their studies, Kazemian, Behnam, & Ghafoori (2013) and Kazemian & Hashemi (2014) adopted Hallidayan Systemic Functional Grammar to pinpoint and analyze nominalization and the role played by it in a corpus of 10 authentic scientific texts drawn from very influential magazines; the analysis was based on nominalization, its frequency and process types.The analysis displayed that Ideational GM permeated scientific texts and the prevailing process types were material and relational types.Consequently, the tone of the writing was more abstract, technical and formal.
In some other veins, Kazemian & Hashemi (2014, 2017) introduced an integrated approach to analyze political or other discourses in light of overarching methodological frameworks of Hallidayan GM in SFL, and Fairclough's perspective on critical discourse analysis and Rhetoric.They analyzed Mr. Obama's eight speeches from the point of frequency and functions of Nominalization, Rhetorical strategies, Passivization and Modality etc. to manifest the integrated approach practicality and adeptness through analysis; then by virtue of analysis to unveil how language was manipulated and distorted by orators in order to convey seamlessly intended messages and political creeds to the audience.
Surveying the recent annals of literature, some other remarkable studies also investigated various political, advertisement, etc. discourses in light of SFL and GM to discern multiple strategies exploited by orators and political pundits and the way they made text/talk persuasive, significant, appealing and obscure, as well as the way they conveyed their intended objectives to the audience (Cap & Okulska, 2013;Devrim, 2015;Noor et al., 2015 etc.).Kennedy (1982), following Halliday, analyzed the transitivity patterns used in the novel, especially in the climactic scene.He analyzed how transitivity can be related to depicting the main players and characterization in the novel under study.He asserted that the transitivity model would prove a valuable approach to textual analysis (Kennedy, 1982, p. 86).He concluded that transitivity choices define the roles of participants in a situation and help us arrive at understanding the reasons for the actions of the participants.Hasan's (1989Hasan's ( , 1985Hasan's ( & 2011) ) study of Murray's poem showed that the verbal processes were not existent in the poems and the material processes dominated other five processes as the number of mental processes in the poem was only one.She thought that the old was involved in the processes due to the absence of other participants.Her role was more dynamic (Samimi, 2013).She argued that "part of the basis of our perception of what a person is like derives from knowing what sort of participant roles is ascribed to that person" (Hasan, 2011, p. 449).Gallardo's (2006) work on Shaw's (1913) novel Pygmalion was exemplary.He used transitivity technique to investigate the social class system and gender.The analysis showed that male and female characters (like Eliza Doolittle & Henry Higgins) used language differently, which represented their distinguished traits.He concluded that male characters used the material process types, which were concerned with rational matters and had a clear goal to assign them a powerful role in the society and in contrast female characters were involved in emotional linguistic choices, that was, mental processes.It showed their tender feelings, emotions, intimacy, and affection.The writer's analysis further proved the power of language in depicting ideology, worldview, and reality.Mwinlaaru (2012) investigated transitivity patterns associated with six characters of Chinua Achebes' novel Anthills of the Savannah.The writer investigated the relationship between point of view and the transitivity patterns in which a character was inscribed.The transitivity choices on the part of the writer revealed variations in the presentation of characters.The study demonstrated the interplay between the characters and linguistic choices.The protagonist, Sam was presented, as authoritative political leader through the use of material processes and circumstantial elements.Mwinlaaru (2012) asserted that model of transitivity is suitable for stylistic analysis of literary texts.Simic (2013) investigated the un-actualized participants of processes in English to Serbian translations, through a corpus tool.To him, awareness of the complexities of translation of construction of process participants among the students can be beneficial in the process of translation and interpretation and it will contribute to their fluency and quality in their work.He suggested five steps for teaching elements of process, and especially un-actualized participants.His study was based on how the problem of un-actualized process participants was treated in English and Serbian translations, similarities, and dissimilarities between these translations.
The following lines present some representative studies on Hamid's MS.Lahiri (2000) in his article Money Talks in Pakistan concluded that the plot of the novel was a socio-economic triangle: Ozi, Daru, and a poor boy run over by Ozi's Pajero.The author made a comparison between stories of MS and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald (1925), as the events showed messes created by the rich and cleaned up by the poor.The author ascribed Daru's personality-imbalance to the economic disparity faced by him in the society he lived in.Similarly, Gehr's (2000) article Nuclear Burnout commented on the taut construction, dense similes and historical resonance of a grimly amusing novel about sex, drugs and class warfare in postcolonial Asia.Like Lahiri, Gehr also compared MS with Spillane's (1952) Kiss Me Deadly, for Daru's resentment towards the elite class, and the tension between Pakistan and India caused by the nuclear tests.
In his study, Greenwood (2000) showed Daru's bitter scorn against wealthy friends.As an archetype, he represented Pakistan that was trying to catch up to India and dominated the regional strategic equation with nuclear tests without thinking about the bad economic consequences.The author showed the writer's portrayal of the solidarity of Pakistanis-the rich and the poor-in the matter of military urgency."You just toss the idea of war and get the nation stand united".To the author, the story of the novel was non-linear but organic.Daru made his flaws his charms while other characters overlapped the boundaries between good and evil.Jay's (2005) study concluded that the focus of the novel was on economic globalization whereas other writers' concentration was upon the cultural and identity crisis in a hybridized postcolonial world.To him, Hamid dramatized the transformations brought about by economic globalization to the city.His dealing with economic globalization was fit to theme, as he himself was a beneficiary of America.Sadiq (2006) analysed point of view and speech and thought presentation in MS.This descriptive study was carried out by selecting some extracts from the novel.The author used Short's (1996) model of stylistic analysis.Her argument in this study was that tense switches from present to past, according to the subject matter and the author allowed all the characters to voice through their direct communication with the reader.Similarly, the artistic use of pragmatic signals contributed to express a point of view of the major characters.She also found that the relations among the characters were based on need not blood.She further pointed out that the narrator's less association with modes of speech and thought presentation reflected the narrator's inability to access the minds of other characters in the novel.
Prior studies have tended to concentrate on some other genres and discourses.This study is unique in the sense that it attempts to bridge the gap among previous studies by analyzing linguistic choices in Hamid's MS to identify transitivity patterns associated with the main characters of the novel.It applied transitivity model for analysis of a much broader range of 21 texts to bring out its importance and the writer's intention by showing a semantically motivated pattern of language choice.The exploration of the characters of the novel is based on the supposition that the language used in the sample texts represents selections made out of the available choices in the linguistic system (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004).

Objectives of the Study
The present study was purposefully designed to investigate how meanings are construed and interpreted applying ideational metafunction in a literary text and identify transitivity patterns associated with the main characters of Hamid's novel, MS following Simpson (2004) who viewed it "useful indicator of character in prose fiction" (p.119).The study was the exploration of how behaviour of various characters in the novel, their social position, and feelings were constructed and presented through the language used in Hamid's novel.

Data Collection
21 text extracts of Hamid's MS were taken as data.A sample size of 1100 complex clause sentences containing different processes, participants and circumstances was drawn for analysis.The choice of the text was based on typicality, variety, relevance, representativeness and the need of the study.Different segments of the novel were selected, which were referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, I J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, and U.The selected extracts would contribute to highlight the processes employed by the writer.Table 1 displays the distribution of texts selected for transitivity analysis.

Data Analysis
The present study was qualitative as well as quantitative in approach.The descriptive qualitative method explained the given data systematically and quantitative analysis produced frequency indexes and statistically significant results (Creswell, 1994;Mwinlaaru, 2012).The text of Hamid's MS was selected as data.The main theoretical framework employed for the data analysis was transitivity, which found its roots in Halliday's (1994) Systemic Functional Linguistics.In applying Systemic Functional Linguistics to the transitivity analysis of Hamid's MS the present research, partly relied on Eggins (1994), Kennedy (1982), Hasan (1989Hasan ( & 2011)), Mwinlaaru (2012), Gallardo (2006) and Eggins (1994Eggins ( & 2004) ) in the network of six types of process and circumstance in a clause and frequency indexes of its elements for the analysis of the selected texts.The emphasis was placed on the manner in which processes and participants in processes were represented in the texts (for detail see Qasim, 2016).

Analysis of Texts A-U
First, we looked into the frequency of the processes and clauses as a clause has a paramount importance in the realization of the meaning and analysis of any text (Hasan, 1988).The reason for identification and description of processes is that by so doing we can explore if their distribution reflects the asymmetry of power among various participants.Moreover, analysis of verbal art requires matching patterns in the text.Text-A contains 15 sentences, 25 clauses and 42 processes.27=64.28%material processes are dominant.It indicates that the text is related to the literary genre and is concerned with the narrative report of physical actions, events involving dynamic and concrete actions that the participants undergo.It is evident that most of the participants are humans, not the abstract entities.The material clauses encompass the presentation of actions by the characters, events and happenings caused by agents, animate and inanimate.The extract focuses on the setting Daru finds him in, and describes his perceptions of the prison and the environment.The abundant use of material clauses foresees the occurrence of some horrors and tragic episodes in the coming chapters of the novel.The indefinite pronoun (someone) is not other than Daru himself.It reveals the inner consciousness of the participant involved in the outer world (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004).
After the identification of processes it is relevant to know which roles the participants are projected taking up in the processes to see the extent of their power relationship.The participants capture the most important unit of meaning about who or what is involved' that is people, places, things, concepts etc. (Droga & Humphrey, 2003, p. 29).Text-A contains 19 actors, 13 goals, 2 beneficiaries, 3 sensers, 5 phenomena, 4 carriers, 2 behavers, and only one sayer.Out of these, the -er and -ed (actor and goal) roles are noticeable in text-A.The main participant role is associated with a first person narrator "I" (Daru).He is projected as actor (26.31%), senser (100%), behaver (100%) and carrier (50%  1i, 1ii, 2iii, 5iii, 5iv, 7, 8, 9, 12, 31, 32,40ii, 43, 26, 40ii, 50i, 50ii, 10, 14, 19, 47, 54) show that he is actor in 28 (63.63%)processes.He is senser in 8 processes.The proportion of relational attributive and mental processes illustrates that the narrator, Daru tries to sketch his relationship, behaviour and inner thoughts towards the environment.
Text The material processes exceed other types in both the characters of women.They help in revealing the power relations of Pakistani women as power is exerted within the domain of "doing" rather than "saying", "sensing", or "behaving" and physical force influence how they act (Poynton, 1989).Through the more active roles to the women participants, the writer has tried to give feminist ideology and project the image of Pakistan as a liberal state.Associated processes suggest the typical female roles.For example (Dilaram chuckles, Dilaram laughs solidly her body rippling, I poisoned him, she laughs silently shuddering, she smiles at our adolescent tea server, who smiles and lowers her gaze politely, and then she points one henna-decorated finger at me, She wears bells on her ankles that chime as she walks, this is the only service she's made to provide, But she does it for me).
Mumtaz's feelings and thoughts are presented in clauses 2, 6, 31, 32, and 41.Her actor role is projected in clauses 8, 12ii, 14, 24, 25, 30, 38, 39, 41, 52, 57, 60, 63, 74, and 79i.It can be observed that her actions involve Daru and her self-being and the goals of the processes associated with her are her body parts.She affects her body parts like her head, her hair, and her lungs while she inhales, her legs while walking, her toes, and Drau's body while kissing him.
She proves herself as a passionate, loving woman and dynamic actor.She is carrier in clauses (she is quiet for a moment , I am not really not at all that nice, am the sort who should marry, I'm a bad wife, I' m a worse mother, I'm flawed, Mumtaz is with me , she has the long torso).These clauses include gender bias attributes attached to Mumtaz.Certain lexical items i.e., negative adjectives like bad wife, worse mother, bad design, flawed, etc. convey, on the one way, the feelings and realization on the part of Mumtaz and on the other hand, show the depiction of a woman, and attitudes and norms of behaviour present in Pakistani patriarchal society.She is depicted as an obsessive lover rather a responsible and caring mother.It also shows the mindset of some modern Pakistani girls who don't like to be mothers only for the sake of their personal comfort and commitment.
The material and mental clauses present her character as a sensitive woman.sentimental and dominated position.Mostly they rely on the males for their success.Some extracts describe women both as active and passive in their relationship with male persons.
The selected texts also show the reversal of conventional gender roles in case of Mumtaz and Dilaram.They realize that they should be as powerful as the males and for this purpose they are involved in dynamic, economic and social activities.Mumtaz acts as a secret investigative reporter, adopts the pen name (interestingly male person, Zulfikar Manto) to raise the suppressed voices of the depressed and discusses the taboos and Dilaram earns money by running a brothel.The contrast among male and female characters portrays the gender stereotypes, ideologies and construct of the society Hamid lives in.

Conclusion of the Study
The transitivity analysis of the texts shows how skillfully Hamid has employed the linguistic choices to convey the meanings to the readers.The characters are perceived what type of persons they are by knowing what type of participant roles are ascribed to them.It has been demonstrated that other factors such as the attitude of a narrator, the situations and circumstances in which a character is cast, and the thematic concern of the novel also complement rather mediate between point of view and transitivity choices that are associated with a character.
The study also shows that three characters are most frequently assigned agency in processes, irrespective of point of view.The material processes show prominence of information falling on events which indicates that the descriptions in the text are concrete rather than idealized.
Thus the study provides a new perspective to understand the work of Hamid and to appreciate his style.

Recommendation
Only ideational system from Systemic Functional Grammar was applied for understanding the meanings of a literary text.Interpersonal and textual systems can be applied to address the thematic and textual functions of the novel.This study was concerned only with fiction and same approach can also be applied to other genres.
4=.52% mental clauses project perceptions, emotions and thoughts of the participants.They show the internal and external states of the narrator and that of others mentioned in the text under study.Two behavioural processes (4 and 8ii) show Daru's behaviour and attitude.All 4 relational processes in text-A are attributive.No identifying, possessive or circumstantial clause is found in this text.The relational clauses aim at the description of the persons or things.The attributive clause (my cell is full of shadows) shows the position of the main figure and indicates one important aspect of genre of fiction.The personal possessive pronoun (my) indicates his close relationship with prison (cell) as he seems to be the owner of the prison.This clause also presents the condition of Pakistani society which is full of darkness, gloom and sorrows.Further, it hammers the fact that the narrator is the central figure of the novel while other characters might be of minor significance.First person narrative (I) and personal pronoun (my) have been used to make the narrative more direct and personal.The text shows only one verbal clause 12i (Someone curses).
-E comprises 168 clauses and 262 processes.It is next to the participants, which are 328.Jiwan and Bank Manager.The relational attributive processes provide descriptive information qualities of Daru.Out of 37 carrier roles Daru is given (16=43.24%.52 material processes are dominantly associated with him.Sometime, there is a possibility of extra participant that causes or initiates action(Gerot &  Wignell, 1994, p. 74).This phenomenon is seen in clause 89ii (And makes me dream wave my hands.This clause is causative and the agent (fear) is ellipsed.Mr.Jiwan is actor in 9 processes.The material and verbal processes associated with Mr. Jiwan construe that the participant belongs to the ruling class.Text-F contains 133 clauses, 251 participants, 175 processes, and 99 circumstances.The material processes are (62=35.42),mental (39=22.28%), and verbal (27=15.42%).There are 47 roles of actor in the text and Daru is projected as taking up this role in 8 processes (17.02%), followed by 11 (28.94%)senser roles and 8 sayer (40%), and 6 carrier (17.64%) roles.He has projection in other roles as well, but his involvement in the actor role is dominant.His projection as a goal is (5= 13.51%); he is the beneficiary and enjoys the role of recipient (2=28.57%),andreceiver (2=22.22%).The main role Mumtaz is involved in, is actor (36.17%).She is identified in two processes (clauses77 & 82).She feels, acts, says and behaves like active males.Her economic role as a journalist, though mocked, can be observed here.This is in contrast with stereotypical roles of women as mother, wife and sister, etc.The verbal processes connected to Mumtaz present an intimacy between Daru and Mumtaz.She is sender while Daru is the receiver of her messages silently.The verbiages (in the pattern of long stretches of speeches) associated with Mumtaz show that she shares secrets of her life with Daru which she avoids to share with Ozi.The clause (She says with a grin) shows her intimate and friendly attitude towards Daru.The mental processes indicate self-expression and self-revelation of her character, and adventurous and restless soul.
are associated with Ozi.They show authority and role of power through language.Ozi's thoughts and mental states have more representation in clauses5, 6, 8, 9, 19,20,29,34, 37, 38, 44, 66 (e.g. he thinks, he feels, he does not know, he thinks, then he thinks, he does not know, he knows, he does not like, he discovered, he knows, he hopes, he thinks, he wonders).The projection of Mumtaz is minimal.She is involved only in carrier role in seven processes.The attributes in clauses5, 9, 12, 13, 17, 27, 30(she is unhappy, she is unhappy, she is always tired, she is Spanish, she was like this, she probably is, she has been like this) show the character of Mumtaz.These are gender based attributes which show the woman's traditional character (being always tired, unhappy and complaining, not liking anything).Her association with mental processes in clause 11, 17 and 18 shows her inner feelings.She is sayer in two processes, which shows the stereotype of the society that the woman should keep silence and obey men, speak less and listen more as the male has the power to say not the female.49%),relational(27.77%), and verbal (4=7.4%).There are 18 actors, 13 goals, 9 sensers, 7 phenomena, 11 carriers, one token and 2 sayers.Daru and Mumtaz dominate as the major participants.Daru is projected as actor (38.88%), sayer (100%), senser (88.88%) and carrier (9.9%).Mumtaz has projection of actor (16.66 %), goal, (23.07%), senser (11.11%), and phenomenon (14.28%).Daru acts in clauses 1, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 26.Much importance is given to his actions and states.Daru is shown here as a man of love.He is so mesmerized by her beauty that he knows even the minute details of her body parts."Touchingher,callingher, kissing her and even thinking her" make him happy.He not only loved Mumtaz, but he loved the idea of love between them.He loved heroin as he was addicted to it though he was well aware of its bad effects on life.The clauses (May be even a little heroin, I tried heroin) depict his addiction with heroin as well as obsession with the heroine of the novel.The projection of Mumtaz with carrier role, having attributes related to her body parts(lips, skin, jaw, neck, moles,  her ear, her hip, trough of the wave, pelvis etc.)shows that Daru as a male makes survey of her body.His actions of gazing in detail are sanctioned in the male-dominated society.The attributes referred to the physical beauty of female reflect the gender bias attitude of patriarchal society of Pakistan.sensers,8 phenomena, 20 carriers, and 3 tokens.Ozi is dominant as a participant.His projection as an actor and senser is minimal.His major role is found in relational processes.He is agent in clause 4. The clauses (I'm Aurangzeb;; I'm not a bad guy; I'm wealthy, well connected, and successful, be an important person; 'm his money launderer; am really not that bad, wealthy, well connected, and am successful) describe what he actually is and what he is taken by other characters of the novel.Hamid's narrative needs a vigilant reader.Clauses (23-32) also assign -er or doer role to "you" the reader.They show active participation of the reader.Text-S presents 79 sentences, 83 clauses, 144 participants, 101 processes and 67 circumstances.The (56=55.44%)material processes outnumber other processes.The next highest frequency is found in (26=25.74%)relational clauses.Total number of actor roles is 46.The major participant roles are associated with Daru and Mumtaz.