Gender and Age Patterns on WhatsApp Statuses as Used by Jordanians : A Sociolinguistic Perspective

This study aims at investigating the WhatsApp statuses as used by Jordanian people from a sociolinguistic point of view. It attempts to examine the use of the WhatsApp statuses in relation to the impact of gender and age on the topic being used. To achieve this goal, 400 statuses were collected from Jordanian males and females who are divided into two main age groups: the first one consists of participants whose age is above 30 years old, and the second group whose participants are under 30 years old. Then, the data were analyzed quantitatively and categorized based on the main following topics; religious, social, political, economic and fixed statuses. The results show that gender and age have essential impacts on the statuses being used. For example, the religious statuses are the most frequently used topic by Jordanian females whereas the social statuses are the most frequently used topic by Jordanian males. However, the political and economic statuses are the least frequent statuses used among Jordanian. Moreover, the results show that the most frequently used topic among males who are above 30 years old is the fixed statuses suggested by the mobile itself whereas the most frequently used topic among males who are under 30 years old is the social topic. On the other hand, the impact of age among females is clearly manifested in the use of the fixed statuses suggested by the mobile itself. For instance, the females who are above 30 years old use the fixed statuses more dramatic than the females who are under 30 years old. Also, the fixed statuses are the second frequently used topic by the females who are above 30 years old whereas they are the third frequently used topic by females who are under 30 years old.


Introduction
The world has been witnessing a huge revolution in the use of mobile phones.Mobile technology has spread rapidly throughout the world faster than any other communication technology, and is now widely used everywhere.The basic concept of mobile phones began in 1947 when researchers started developing car phones, but it was not until around 1982 that mobile phones, as we know them, were first used (Crystal, 2001).
The mobile did not immediately become "a device for the masses", and it was not widely spread in Jordan until the end of 1990's.Within a span of 10 years, from 1991 to 2003, the mobile telephony has moved from being the technology for a privileged few to essentially a mainstream technology (Castells, Fernandez-Ardevol, Qiu, & Sey, 2006).
Mobile phones have been praised for "liberat(ing) individuals from the constraints of their settings" to facilitate being in multiple locations at one time (Katz & Aakhus, 2002).For example, for work situations, multitasking, or in emergencies, calling the police, or, in simple everyday relations between family and friends, a heightened and flexible means for staying in touch and increased sense of belonging or contact on the other (Lamoureaux, 2011).The mobile phone is a significant social and cultural phenomenon which is highly symbolic for boys and girls alike since it represents reachability and popularity (Klimsa et al., 2006).
In Jordan, as is the case worldwide, the mobile phone has turned to be a social tool from that of a technological one as it really becomes an essential component of adolescents' daily activities as the most widely liked or appreciated form of communication.Being a social device, mobile phones can be used in positive ways to organize and maintain the users' social networks, and thus do have impacts on family relations in addition to its new function or role of shaping the youth mutual dealings and connections (Al-Azzam & Al-Quran, 2009).Also, the authors suggest that as technologies go, mobile phones are flexible and provide coverage to homes and workplaces since people carry them as they move from place to place and between different social situations.These moving handsets shift time and place and further complicate contexts and roles since they enable and strengthen social and economic relations at a distance.Thus, mobile phones can be used for both productive and personal purposes throughout the users' daily routines.
The new smart mobile phones provide people with various applications that enable them to keep in touch with their friends, relatives, colleagues and so on and to preserve their sociability.One of these famous applications is the WhatsApp Messenger.It is worth mentioning that WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform instant messaging subscription service for smart phones and selected feature phones that uses the Internet for communication.In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages as well as their location using integrated mapping features.WhatsApp Inc. was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of Yahoo!.As of October 2014, WhatsApp is the most globally popular messaging app with more than 600 million active users (http://www.whatsapp.com).
The widespread use of the mobile phones service and the social-cultural impacts that they have on people's life inspire the researchers to shed the light on the language being used on the mobile and the socio-cultural implications that they may denote.For example, Al Rousan, Abdul Aziz, & Christopher (2014) examine the communicative functions of the text messaging of young Saudi university students.They suggest that there are five main categories of communicative functions found in Saudi undergraduate text messaging which are friendship maintenance, socialization, school collaboration, coordination, and exchanging information.Also, they point out that via text messaging, students can maintain and strengthen their existing friendship, as well as start new ones.They can also stay connected and socialize with their text messaging social network and family members through chatting and gossiping.The study also indicates that text messaging is used beyond its original purpose which is staying in social contact.It proves text messaging to be significant for students' school affairs.Not only does this medium of communication help young people plan and coordinate times and events, it has become one important source of information.Al-khatib & Sabbah (2008) examine the linguistic structure and sociolinguistic functions of English code-switching in mobile text messages as used by a group of Jordanian university students.The study reveals that there are a number of technical elements that might be responsible for the wide use of English or switching between English and Arabic "with Arabic Roman scripts" in mobile text messaging.Also, the data indicates that code switching could be brought about and shaped by the dynamics of the relationship of the speaker-addressee and by cultural features embedded in the Arabic language.The analysis also shows that code switching in this particular means of communication functions as a communicative strategy for facilitating communication by lowering language barriers as well as by consolidating cultural identity.Moreover, it has been noticed that the process appears to be conditioned, among other factors, by the sex of the writer.
Particularly, the social mobile application "WhatsApp" has inspired researcher to investigate its linguistic aspects.For example, Al Shezawi (2012) in the 11th Annual Research Conference which was held in the University of Birmingham discussed her study, which has the title of ''The Effectiveness of Arabic and English Code-Switching Using WhatsApp Mobile Program.Two groups of Omani females'', examines the effectiveness of switching to English while chatting in Arabic using WhatsApp mobile program to mitigating, softening, hiding or expressing certain feelings and many other reasons that are found from analyzing the chatting of two groups of friends and family on WhatsApp mobile program.This study aims to enhance the importance of switching to English in adding more meaning or expressing certain feelings in a different way that Arabic can do.
The study shows that switching between Arabic and English in one chatting is healthy and interesting unlike the against believes of some Omanis who see it as unhealthy and has a negative effect on the purity of Arabic language.
Moreover, Badran (2014) investigates the linguistic conventions of English texting sent at Jordanian society by Jordanian females via WhatsApp.Also, she investigates the syntactic and morphological variations of texts messages written by Jordanians.The results show that English texting by Jordanian females has syntactic and morphological realizations that are appreciated and understood by Jordanians, such as omissions of apostrophe, use of abbreviations, adding sounds, and above all applying morphological creativity in adding Arabic words in Latin alphabets.In addition, Jordanian females stick to the English language order, and subject-verb agreement while texting.
The previous brief previews of the related literature give the privilege for this study as far as the researcher knows to be the first study that investigates the WhatsApp statuses from the sociolinguistic point of view in general.Also, it is supposed to be the first study that investigates the statuses being used among Jordanians people in particular.Therefore, this study aims to fill the gap in this topic.

Objectives of the Study
This paper aims at investigating the WhatsApp statuses among Jordanian people from a sociolinguistic point of view.It attempts to examine the use of the WhatsApp statuses in relation to the impact of gender and age on the topics being used.For example, social, political, religious, economical or the fixed statuses that are suggested by the mobile itself.Moreover, the study sheds the light on the most and least frequent statuses used by males and females from the two age groups.

Research Questions
This paper is designed to answer the following questions: 1).What are the topics used by males and females in their WhatsApp statuses?
2).How do differences in gender and age affect the topics used in WhatsApp statuses?

Data Collection
To achieve the goal of this study, 400 statuses were collected randomly from 400 Jordanian participants who have WhatsApp accounts.The participants were chosen from both genders (males and females) and from two age groups; the first group who are older than 30 years old, and the second group who are younger than 30 years old.It is worth mentioning that the statuses were equally divided in numbers to both males and females since the gender is vital for this study.The equality in number ought to provide us with accurate results.The participants belong to different social classes and they have different educational backgrounds.The data were collected from different sources which are: the list of the contacts on the researcher's mobile who have WhatsApp messenger, some of the researcher's friends, relatives, and work mates volunteered to collect some statuses to help in completing the process of the collection, and from the students whom the researcher is their teacher i.e., the researcher followed the "social network" model, suggested by Milroy & Milroy (1978), and approach the subjects with the help of the assistants in the capacity of "a friend of a friend" or in some cases through "a friend of a friend's friend" (see also Al-Khatib & Sabbah, 2008).

Data Analysis
After the 400 statuses were collected, they were categorized according to their topic into five main issues: social, religious, political, economic, and the fixed statuses.Further, the religious topic was divided into four subcategories which are; Prayers, Quranic verses, Prophet Mohammad's Sayings "Hadith", and Islamic phrases.The social topics were divided into two subcategories which are: emotional feelings statuses and wisdoms.The fixed statuses which are suggested by the mobile itself are: available, busy, At work, sleeping, Hey there!Am using WhatsApp.After that, the data were analyzed quantitatively into two variables: age and gender.Statistics were utilized to introduce the distribution of the statuses of males and females by topics and age.

Findings and Discussion
This section is designed to analyze the collected data and discuss the findings.It aims at answering the research's questions where each of the questions is addressed and discussed in a separate section.Statistics were utilized to introduce the distribution of the statuses of males and females by topics and age.suggested by the mobile itself.For instance, The fixed statuses which are used by the +30-year -old females are 28 whereas they are only 6 fixed statuses being used by-30-year-old females.Also, the fixed statuses are the second frequently used topic among +30-year-old females whereas they are the third frequently used topic among -30-year-old females.On the other hand, the role of age is apparently clear among males.For example, the most frequent topic being used among +30-year-old Jordanian males is the fixed statuses suggested by the mobile itself whereas the most frequent topic being used among -30-year-old Jordanian males is the social topic.Also, in both age groups of both genders, the least frequently used topics are the economic and the political ones.

Figures
Figures below highlight the topics being used by both gender groups and shed the lights on the most and least frequent topics being tackled by both genders.4.1.1The Topics Which Are Used by Jordanian Females in Their WhatsApp Statuses

Figure
Figure 4. T