The Grammatical Ways of Expressing the Future in English and their Corresponding Forms in Azerbaijani

Belonging to different language families, the English and Azerbaijani languages differ in all the aspects (grammar, phonetics and lexis) of the language. Therefore, as non-native speakers, Azerbaijanis have many difficulties in learning English. Many scholars try to eliminate those difficulties by comparing and analyzing the languages, finding out the similarities and differences between the languages compared. One of the main problems for Azerbaijani learners of English is learning the ways of expressing futurity in English to be able to select proper means of expression while translating from English into Azerbaijani and vice versa. The development of linguistics in the last few decades has been so quick and manifold that a new insight has been implemented concerning the current problems. It gave rise to the development of the comparative typological investigation of non-kindred languages. We shall try to investigate future tense in English basing upon quantitative typology that investigates this or that phenomena existing in two compared languages. The aim of our investigation is to show the grammatical ways of expressing the future in contemporary English, reveal similarities and differences between the ways of expressing future in English and Azerbaijan and, consequently, provide corresponding forms in Azerbaijani. As English is much richer in the ways of expressing future action than Azerbaijani, we will analyze and provide all the possible ways of conveying them in Azerbaijani. There are many controversial and quarrel some points concerning the future tense problem in English and Azerbaijani. The article highlights these problems by providing prominent linguists’ theoretical points of view as well as the author’s own analysis and approach to the stated problems.


Introduction
The category of tense is a verbal category.The existence of this category is universally recognized.Like all other grammatical categories it also has its own opposemes."A Course in English Grammar" by Khaimovich & Rogovskaya writes: "In English the category of tense is a system of three-member opposemes such as: do (does)did -will do" (Khaimovich & Rogovskaya, 1967, p. 142).No scholar, linguist or grammarian has ever suggested characterizing the distinction between does, did or will do as other than a tense distinction.Ilyish defines the category of tense as a verbal category which reflects the objective category of time and expresses on this background the relations between the time of the action and the time of utterance (Ilyish, 1971, p. 86).He divides the objective time into three main parts: past, present, future.
Both in English and Azerbaijani there are three tenses: past, present, future.In Azerbaijani the category of tense is also a system of three-member opposemes such as: gəlir-gəldi-gələcək or gəlir-gəlmişdi-gələr.But there is a great difference due to the number of the tense forms.In English three tenses are expressed by sixteen tense forms, while in Azerbaijani three tenses are realized in five forms.Traditionally, in English the sixteen tense forms are grouped into four groups-Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, whereas in Azerbaijani there is not any tense group apart from the past and future tense forms having two forms which can hardly be included into tense group.The category of tense and aspect in English and Azerbaijani is classified by the Azerbaijani linguist Huseynov Arif like that: "İngilisdilindəqrammatikzamanformaları 4+4+4 şəklində, Azərbaycandilindəisə 2+1+2 şəklindəöztəzahürünü tapır."It means that in English the number of the grammatical tense forms is in the form of 4+4+4, while in Azerbaijani 2+1+2 (Huseynov, 2015, p. 143).So, the tense systems of the English and Azerbaijani languages are identical in the number of tenses but different due to the number of tense forms.
As to the future tense, it exists in both languages.Traditionally, in English future action is expressed by eight tense forms-the Future indefinite, the Future Indefinite in the Past, The Future Continuous, and the Future Continuous in the Past, the Future Perfect, and the Future Perfect in the Past, the Future Perfect Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.In Azerbaijani there are only two future tense forms: "Qətigələcəkzaman" (denoting decisive action in the future), "Qeyri-qətigələcəkzaman" (denoting indecisive action in the future).They are formed synthetically, by adding grammatical inflections (-acaq, -əcək, -ar, -ər) to the root of the verb (Huseynzadə, 1973, p. 196).Though the future tense is smaller in number, the Azerbaijani language has a large number of opportunities for expressing the corresponding forms of future action in English to be provided further in the article.So the theoretical and practical implications of this study find themselves in the number and usage of future tense forms.

Does the Future Tense Exist in English? Irtenyeva's Viewpoint about the Number of the Tenses in English
The existence of future tense in English appeared to be one of the most debatable questions.Some linguists deny the existence of a future tense in English accepting only two tense forms in English, the Present Simple and the Past Simple.According to Irtenyeva's view the tense system is divided into two parts: tenses centering in the present and tenses centering in the past (Ilyish, 1971, p. 88).This view has the advantage of reducing the usual threefold division of tenses (past, present, future) to a twofold division (past and present).Future tense forms (future and future in the past) are included into the past or present system of tenses, respectively.However, the cancellation of the future as a separate tense requires a more detailed justification.

Korsakov's and Komogortseva's Viewpoints about the Number of the Tenses in English
Korsakov established a new system of tenses consisting of absolute and anterior tenses (tenses of perfect correlation) and of static and dynamic tenses (tenses of continuous aspect).He collected numerous examples, including those that do not fit into formulas generally found in grammars (Korsakov, 1969, p. 77).Komogortseva also studied the system of grammatical ways of expressing future in Modern English.She investigated the ways of future action as a microsystem which connects the following ways of expressing future action: the analytical form of future (will+infinitive); present tense forms referring the action to the future (the Present Simple, the Present Continuous); to be going to+infinitive (Komogortseva, 1965, p. 19).Komogortseva is right in giving all the analytical forms as grammatical ways of expressing future because the paradigm of the future tense as covers all the analytical forms of the future tense (will V, will be V ing, will have V en, will have been Ving (Komogortseva, 1965, p. 4).There isn't Present Perfect among the present tenses referring the action to the future.Whereas, in adverbial clauses of time the Present Perfect is used instead of the Present Simple to refer the action to the future e.g.You'll feel better after you have/have had something to eat.I'll come as soon as I finish/have finished.

Ugryumova's Classification about the Ways of Expressing Future
Ugryumova who investigated the ways of expressing futurity in the period of middle English deals with the ways of expressing future action.It should be noted that the investigator studies only "to be going to + infinitive" among the idioms with 'to be' (to be about to, to be on the point of, to be to, to be likely to, to be on the verge of, to be sure to, to be certain to).We think the investigator should have given the Present Continuous and the Future Continuous as the equivalents of "to be going to + infinitive" in order to express arranged action.Besides, the investigator didn't analyse the other lexical and lexico-grammatical ways of expressing futurity (Сборникнаучныхтрудов, 1977, pp. 170-171).
There are a number of articles and doctorial dissertations written by different soviet linguists about futurity from the historical point of view.In this regard we can mention Fillipova who studied the ways of expressing futurity according to the materials VIII-XV centuries.Ugryumova investigated the ways of expressing futurity in the period of Shakespeare and his contemporaries.She showed 14 ways of expressing futurity as a result of her experiment (according to the examples from the fiction) and she listed them according to the number of examples in which the different ways of expressing future were used.The following table provides that list.expressed by "to be going to", "The Present Continuous", "The Present Indefinite" rather than those of lexico-grammatical ways shown by Ugryumova.The tense forms such as the Continuous, Perfect or Perfect Continuous formed with auxiliary verbs are considered as aspects.She doesn't accept futurity (formed by "will") as a tense and defines it as a concept denoting certainty and intention.The future is defined differently by different scholars.It is often presented as speech time preceding event time, in contrast to past where event time precedes speech time.In fact, the most typical uses of future involve actions that are planned by the agent of the sentence, whereas cases of 'pure prediction' are less frequent.

Jespersen's Viewpoint about the Existence of the Future Tense in English
One of the linguists ignoring future as a tense is Jespersen.He had expressed his doubts about this matter in his famous book "The Philosophy of Grammar" (Jespersen, 1958, p. 50).He based his opinion on the fact that the English future is expressed by the phrase "shall/will+infinitive", and the verbs "shall" and "will" (which make part of the phrase) preserve some of their original meaning.In Jespersen's view, "shall" expresses the modal shade of obligation, and "will"-an element of volition.Therefore, they cannot go as the markers of future tense in English.He tries to prove that English has no way of expressing "pure futurity" free from modal shades of meaning.
A lot of linguists support Jespersen's view ignoring the existence of future and at the same time accepting "shall" and "will" as modal verbs, not as auxiliary verbs forming future tense forms.

Strang's Viewpoint about the Existence of the Future Tense in English
Strang completely agrees with Jespersen's view (Rayevska, 1976, p. 155).According to him, "pure futurity is probably rather rare as a grammatical category, and there are historical reasons why we should not expect to find it realized in English."(Strang, 1964, p. 147).Basing on Jespersen's view some grammarians state that "shall" and "will" are generally recognized as the markers of the future.They object to identifying them ("shall" and "will") in the terms of "Future Tense" (Rayevska, 1976, p. 154).Unlike Khaimovich & Rogovskaya they consider that future has no special form to make an opposeme with that of the forms of the past and present tenses.According to them, "there is no Future Tense as such in English, simply a number of ways in which we can speak about future situations."

Rayevska's Viewpoint about the Existence of the Future Tense
Rayevska, the soviet linguist also accepts the existence of future tense.She calls "shall" and "will" as future auxiliaries, not modal verbs (Rayevska, 1976. p. 154).She ignores Jespersen's view by explaining that in most cases the modal force of the future auxiliaries is not felt at all.She proves his opinion by giving the following examples chosen from fiction.
"You can get a taxi just at the end of the street.You won't have to walk more than a few yards." "Sizküçəninsonundataksiyəminəbilərsiniz.Sizbirneçəyarddançoxpiyadagəzə bilməyəcəksiniz." "That is a comfort.I'll go and put on my coat.""Çoxrahatdır.Gedibpaltomugeyinəcəm." "Better bring a wooly.It will be cool in the car," Wilson said.
We also do not accept O. Jespersen's view because in most cases the modal force of the future auxiliaries is not felt, indeed.This is especially clear in patterns where the context is explicit enough to remove the slightest shades of their original meaning.
I can't ask you to stay forever.This is my life now.Go if it's best.I'll love you always.
Then there is a new centre in the cathedral as well.Coffee, biscuits, she'll be hours here.

Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik's Classification about the Ways of Expressing Future in English
Leech & Svartvik show six chief ways of expressing future tense in the English verb phrase (Leech et al., 1983, pp. 54-55).
(1) will/shall+infinitive (2) be going to+infinitive (3) The Present Progressive (4) The Simple Present (5) will /shall be doing (The Future Continuous) (6) will /shall + the perfect have done (Past in the Future Time) Besides these ways they added be to, be about to, be on the point /verge of as the ways of expressing future meaning.They gave the table of tense and aspect which describes the paradigm of future time as well as present and past time (Leech et al., 1983, p. 58).By giving this table, they affirm the existence of future.In addition, they provide the list of all modal auxiliaries among which they present "shall" and "will".It means that they accept "shall" and "will" not only as future auxiliaries, but also as modal verbs.Unlike other modals, "will" and "shall" are presented in two forms-in full forms and in contracted forms (See table 1).Obviously, the authors mixed up the modal will with the auxiliary will.The fact is that no modal verb except "will" and "shall" can be contracted.We would say that when these verbs are used in contracted forms, they are future auxiliaries, not modal verbs.It goes without saying, that we don't ignore "shall" and "will" as modal verbs.If we analyze the semantic use of "shall" and "will" within the context, it comes clear that they can be used both as modal and as auxiliary verbs.We can prove it by giving examples.
Who will lend me an umbrella?(= Who is willing to lend me an umbrella)?

I will. (=not I'll)
It is clear from this sentence that "will" denotes modal shade of willingness.The reason why we cannot use the contracted form is that here "will" is used as a modal verb.And like other modal verbs it also denotes future, because the realization of the action is expected to happen in the future.

Why will you make things difficult for yourself?
When we hear or read this sentence we don't think about smb's making things difficult in the future time but just being insistent of making things difficult.In this sentence the modal shade of meaning of "insistence" prevails over tense and tense turns out to be additional meaning.

Kaushanskaya's Viewpoint about the Future Tense and Its Ways of Classification
Kaushanskaya et al., the soviet linguists, accepts "will" as an auxiliary (Kaushanskaya et al., 1973, p. 87) and as a modal verb (Kaushanskaya, 1973, p. 118).Basing on the traditional grammar they give eight ways of expressing futurity.They state that "will" as an auxiliary verb is used to form all the future tense forms for all persons except for the first person singular and plural.Besides, they investigated will and shall as modal verbs and gave their different shades of meanings.In linguistics there are some different ideas about "'ll", the contracted form of the future auxiliaries "shall", "will".We mean only auxiliary verbs, because "shall" and "will", like other modal verbs, cannot be contracted.Grammatical meaning being a part of a grammatical category may be expressed by different ways divided into two groups: synthetic ways (affixes-suffixes, prefixes, infixes) and analytical ways (auxiliary verbs, prepositions, articles.Unlike other grammarians (Kaushanskaya & Rayevska et al.), we think they are formed in three ways: analytically (shall do, will do), synthetically (starts, does) or both analytically and synthetically (will be doing).The future tense forms are the main grammatical way of expressing future action and they are formed in an analytical way-by means of future auxiliaries "shall" and "will" or 'll.Moreover, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous also express future action.The Present Simple is formed synthetically, while others-either analytically or synthetically.By giving the paradigm of the future tense forms in English we can determine which one is built analytically or synthetically, and which ones-both analytically and synthetically.

Musayev's Viewpoint about the Mutual Relationship between the Synthetic and Analytical Ways of Future Tense
Musayev, the Azerbaijani linguist, states that each of the ways could be the object of investigation.From this point of view he investigated the mutual relationship between the synthetic and analytical ways.It is worth mentioning his opinion about the ways of expressing future tense.Musayev considers (that sculan and willan were used as lexemes in old English: in middle English they were used as auxiliary verbs in the form of 'shall', 'will' denoting future; in Modern English-have changed into affixes "'ll" denoting future action.We cannot agree with Musayev concerning that point.'ll cannot be considered grammatical inflection.Every grammatical inflection is a grammatical form expressing grammatical meaning.The inflection expressing tense category is to be added to the verb, not to the noun or pronoun.So, there is a contrast in Musayev's explanation.It is undeniable that 'll had derived from "shall" "will", but in our opinion it is not an inflection but a contracted form of future auxiliaries like had-'d, have-'ve, it is-it's etc.Moreover, all grammatical inflections are added to the stem of the word they refer to, not the preceding or following words e.g., open+ed, open+s, open+ing etc.As it is seen from the examples, no inflection is used with the verb through apostrophe.Thus, not all the arguments concerning the future are rather convincing.Basing on the examples from modern fiction we can explain it with the fact that "shall" and "will" don't always keep their original meaning.They can express future time without having any shades of modal meaning.In that case we call them future auxiliaries.Nevertheless, we cannot deny the existence of modals "shall" and "will": as modal verbs with their original meaning they are widely used in Modern English.But like other modal verbs they always have additional meaning of futurity.So we should bear in mind that auxiliary verbs "shall" and "will" (denoting future) and modal verbs "shall" and "will" (denoting volition, insistence, intention, prohibition) are grammatical homonyms.

Close's Viewpoint about the Future Tense and Its Ways of Classification
Close shows five ways of referring to the future by giving the following examples: (Close, 1975, p. 254) (1) George will leave tomorrow.
(2) Gorge is going to leave tomorrow.
(3) George is to leave tomorrow.
He defines tense as 'form taken by the verb to indicate the time of an action', and according to that definition he considers that there is no reason for not giving the name 'tense' to each of those five ways of referring to the future.
It is hardly possible to agree to naming periphrastic modals 'to be going to' or 'to be to' future tense as they don't express pure future (Celce-Murcia & Marianne, 1983, pp. 23, 82).Their primary meaning is to express some shades of modal coloring.As well as other modal verbs they refer the action to the future as an additive meaning.
As it is seen from the list Close doesn't show the other future tense forms except the temporal 'will'-the simple form of future.He states that other forms like will be doing, will have done, will have been doing are the progressive or perfective aspect combined with temporal "will" (Close, 1975, p. 255).

The Ways of Expressing Futurity in Modern English and the Ways of Conveying Them in Azerbaijani
According to their semantic features the ways of expressing future can be analyzed by dividing them into three groups: grammatical, lexico-grammatical and lexical.

The Grammatical Ways of Expressing Futurity and the Ways of Conveying Them in Azerbaijani
Grammatical ways of expressing futurity express pure future action without modal shades of meaning.Though the verbs shall and will may in some contexts preserve their original meaning of obligation and volition respectively, as a rule they are free from these shades of meaning and express mere futurity (Ilyish, 1971, p. 87).We can see it clearly in the sentences where the meaning of volition is excluded by the context.
Mary hasn't prepared today's lesson yet.She'll (= will) prepare it later.
"I'll see him tomorrow," she said smiling.
The grammatical ways of expressing futurity are expressed by present tense forms as well as future tense forms.But there is a slight semantic difference between them.Future tense forms only denote future action whereas present tenses present and future.As to the 'll form, as we have already mentioned, it is the contracted form of future auxiliaries "shall" and "will".Shall and will denoting future is normally contracted to 'll.The following tables show the paradigm of the Future Tense expressed by future tense forms and present tense forms.As seen from the tables 2 and 3, future tense may appear in the common and in the continuous aspect so, there are eight tense-aspect forms denoting future.Besides four future tense forms there are four more: Future in the Past, Future Continuous in the Past, Future Perfect in the Past and Future Perfect Continuous in the Past, i.e., future from the past viewpoint.These forms are used chiefly in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause having its predicate verb in one of the past tenses.In this sentence would is used as the past of will.
Tom said that he would lend Ann some money.

Tom dediki, o Ənəbirazpulverəcək.
Unlike English, in Azerbaijani in subordiate clauses of composite complex sentences the verb used in the future remains unchanged.The second difference is in the way of their formation.In English the future tenses in the past are formed analytically i.e., by means of the auxiliary verb "would", while in Azerbaijani synthetically: by adding the grammatical inflection "acaq" or "əcək" to the root of the verb.However, they can be found in independent clauses as well.
Police were treating the incident as a tragic accident.
An inquest would be held that Tuesday.
Polis hadisənifaciəlibirhadisəkimidəyərləndirdi.Sorğuçərşənbəaxşamıolacaqdı.As seen from the example, the Future in the Past is conveyed into Azerbaijani by means of the root of the verb +future ending -acaq+dı (the contracted form of the particle "idi").In this regard, we should like to mention that Cafarova accepts it as analytical form (Cəfərova, 2004, p. 155) whereas we accept it is as a synthetical form because it is never used separately from the notional verb and always follows the future ending in a contracted form.If "idi" were used separately as a link verb, we should call it analytical form.But as a result of historical development it is changed into an inflection and added to the stem of the verb.So, in subordinate clauses, while conveying the Future in the Past into Azerbaijani only future ending is added to the root of the main verb.But while conveying the Future in the Past in independent clauses apart from future ending -acaq, the contracted form of "idi" (-dı) and then the ending denoting persons (if required) follows the latter e.g.

The Future Indefinite Tense Form and the Way of Conveying It in Azerbaijani (will + do)
This tense form is commonly used to express future activities or states in both speech and writing.It is used for predicting.By using this tense form we express what we think will happen, without any reference to the present.Because of this characteristic Swan calls it "pure future" (Swan, 1984, p. 251).
"But it may be fine-I expect it will be fine," said Mrs Ramsay, making some little twist of the reddish brown stocking she was knitting, impatiently."Ancaqbugözəlolabilər.-məncəbuyaxşıolacaq,"xanımRəmseytoxuduğuqırmızımtılqəhvəyicorablarıkiçikyumaqkimiedərəksəbirsizliklədedi.

Do you think he will call? Səncə, o zəngedəcək?
Raymond Murphy characterizes this tense form like that:" We use will ('ll) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking (Murphy, 1994, p. 12).

I forgot to translate the article.
I'll do it now.

Məqalənitərcüməetməkyadımdançıxıb. Mənonuindiedəcəm.
From the first sight "now" seems to be the adverbial modifier of time.But, in fact, it is a particle which is used to emphasize that the action will happen in the nearest future.
When the future is predicted 'will' is used with I bet, I expect, I hope, I imagine, I reckon, I think, I wonder, and I am sure (Hewings, 2005, p. 18).
The fish smells awful.I bet nobody will eat it.
Bu balığın çox pis qoxusu var.Mərc gəlirəm ki, onu heç kəs yeməyəcək.This tense form is conveyed into Azerbaijani in a synthetic way by adding the grammatical inflections -acaq, -əcək or -ar, -ər to the stem of the verb (Musayev, 1996, p. 116).Musayevstates that while conveying the Present Indefinite into Azerbaijani, using -acaq, -əcək or -ar, -ər depends on the context.If the speaker is certain about doing the action, -acaq, -əcək is used.If the speaker is not certain about doing the action, or feels supposition -ar, -ər is used.

The Future Progressive Tense Form (will/shall be ...-ing) and the Way of Conveying It in Azerbaijani
This tense form is used to say that an action will be in progress at a particular moment in the future (Swan, 1984, p. 257).Swan gives one more definition of the future progressive in his text book "Practical English Usage": "The Future Progressive is often used to suggest that something in the future has already been fixed or decided."He provides the following example: -"Shall I pick up your shopping for you?" İstəyirsənbazarlığıdaşımaqdasənəkömək edim.
-"Oh, I couldn't possibly trouble you."Yox, mənsəninarahatetməkistəməzdim.-It's all right; I'll be going past the shops anyway.
When the Future Continuous is used in this meaning, it is conveyed into Azerbaijani only by means of the root of the verb+acaq (-əcək).
This time tomorrow I'll be crossing across a border.

Saat on birdənsonraməninarahatetmə! Mənhəminvaxtyatacam. (=yatmaqdaolacam.)
They will be working in the field at two o'clock tomorrow.

Onlarsabahsaatikidətarladaişləyəcəklər.(=işləməkdəolacaqlar.)
As seen from the examples, the Future Continuous is conveyed into Azerbaijani in two ways: by means of: 1. "Qətigələcəkzaman" (işləyəcəklər); 2. "Feilindavamşəkli" (-maqdə, -məkdə+ol+acaq (-əcək)+the ending of the corresponding person -lar) The underlined word "ol" is a periphrastic conjugation which conjugates according to persons.According to the Azerbaijanian linguists Damirchizadeh, Quliyev, Afandiyev, & Huseynzadeh -maqdə, -məkdə is the morphological indicators of the progressive mood (Huseynzadeh, 1973, p. 227) forms, while others-Axundov, Tagizadeh, Rustamov, & Rahimov ignore this idea rejecting the existence of continuous tense forms in Azerbaijani (Cəfərova, 2004, p. 46).We agree with those who accept it as the indicator of the progressive tense form.In Azerbaijani Future Continuous as a tense form exists both in written and spoken Azerbaijani and is given under the title "continuous (or progressive) mood of the verb".In fact, it should have been included into indicative mood as a future progressive tense form.But some linguists mentioned above reduced the number of tense forms for the reason of rejecting the existence of progressive tense forms in Azerbaijani.We think it needs reinvestigating.

The Future Perfect Tense Form and the Way of Conveying It in Azerbaijani (will/shall have done)
This tense form denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future.
The tourists will have visited all the museums of the country in seven days by the time they get back.

Turistlərgeriqayıdanaqədəryeddigünərzindəölkəninbütünmuzeylərinəbaşçəkmişolacaqlar.
In this sentence the definite moment is expressed by the adverbial clause of time.
In fact, the Future Perfect Tense Form exists in Azerbaijani.But some Azerbaijani scholars reduced the number of future tense forms presenting them under a different mood of the verb.That is why it is possible to give its translation by different ways.
They will return by five.I think you will have had a good time by then.Onlarsaatbeşəqədərqayıdacaqlar. Məncə, sizovaxtaqədəryaxşıvaxtkeçirəcəksiniz. (keçirərsiniz;keçirmişolacaqsınız) As seen from the example, the Future Perfect tense form is conveyed in Azerbaijani by three forms-two synthetic forms (keçirəcəksiniz; keçirərsiniz) and one analytical form (keçirmişolacaqsınız).But sometimes it is translated only by means of one synthetic way, verb+-acaq, -əcək, -yacəq, -yəcək+ending denoting person.
I wonder if I shall have revised all the material before the exam begins.

Görəsən, mənimtahanbaşlayanaqədərmaterialıtəkraredəcəm.
Musayev accepts only one of them (Musayev, 1996, p. 135).He states that the future perfect tense form is conveyed into Azerbaijani by the periphrastic form of the verb -mış, -miş, -muş, -müş + olacaq.This tense form is also used to predict what has already happened at present.This kind of sentences is translated into Azerbaijani by means of the periphrastic form of the verb + -mış, -miş, -muş, -müş+olar e.g.
He stood by her on the edge of the lawn, swaying a little in his bulk and said, shading his eyes with his hand: "They will have landed," and she felt that she had been right.O, düzənliyinbirkənarındaonunyanındadayanaraq, ağırbədəniniyelləyə-yelləyəəliiləgözününüstünəkölgəsalaraqdedi: "Onlaryerəenmişolarlar.",və o hiss etdiki, haqlıymış.They will have hung the timetable by now.Too late to change it.
The passive form of this tense can also be used in this meaning.The article will have been printed by now.It is possible to read it tomorrow early in the morning.

The Future Perfect Progressive Tense Form (shall/will have been doing) and the Way of Conveying It in Azerbaijani
This tense form is used to talk about the duration of something that to be looked on at a particular time in the future.He will have been investigating this problem for two months in July.

İyuldaonun buproblemitədqiqetməsininikiayıtamamolacaq.
The grammatical form in the bracket is a traditional way of expressing this tense form.It is used to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future.Time expressions used with this tense form denote the duration of the action (for two days), or the starting point of the action (since Wednesday).
She will have been teaching at school for more than ten years by the time she leaves for a foreign country.Xariciölkəyəgedənəqədər o, on ilolacaqki, buməktəbdədərsdeyir.This tense form doesn't exist in Azerbaijani and is conveyed in Azerbaijani by using Simple Future.According to Musayev (Musayev, 1996, p. 144), the Future Perfect Continuous tense form is conveyed into Azerbaijani by the periphrastic form of the verb -mış, -miş, -muş, -müş + olacaq.
They will have been waiting for more than fifty minutes station when the train arrives.

Qatar vağzalaçatandaonlarqırxdəqiqəqatarıgözləmişolacaqlar.
If we want to emphasize the continuity of the activity in future, we can use either this form or "be going to have been doing".These two forms are interchangeable.The latter has not been widely investigated in grammar books except for to be going to + infinitive.But in modern spoken English it is used to give an additional meaning of modality such as intention, arrangement etc.

Are they going to have been discussing this question more than forty minutes when the lesson begins?
Onlardərsbaşlayanaqədər40 dəqiqəərzindəbuməsələnimüzakirəetməkfikrindədirlər?
While translating this kind of constructions ("be going to have been doing") into Azerbaijani the first component has a great role with its modal shade.As to the tense distinction, it is expressed by the Perfect Continuous Infinitive."To be going to" is translated into Azerbaijani as "fikrindəolmaq", "niyyətindəolmaq","üzrəolmaq"etc.
She is going to have been translating this exercise for half an hour when the exam finishes.

O, imtahanbaşlayanaqədərqırxdəqiqəərzindəbutapşırığıtərcüməetməkniyyətindədir.
When the Future Perfect Continuous is used in adverbial clauses of cause preceded by the head clause in the Simple Future, it shows cause and effect.The girl will be glad when she sees you because she will have been waiting for you for over half an hour.O, sizigörəndə şadolacaq, çünkihəminvaxtyarımsaatdançoxolacaqki, o, sizigözləyir.

The Present Simple as One of the Ways of Expressing Futurity and the Ways of Conveying It in Azerbaijani
This tense forms also used to talk about future plans where something has been officially arranged, for example on timetables, programs etc. (for public transport, cinemas, lessons, exams...)

What time does the next plain land?
The next term begins on December 10th.This tense form isn't used for personal arrangements.It requires adverbials with future time relevance in their textual vicinity.Sometimes extra linguistic factors such as register or context are also sufficient.
"We sail at midnight", said Tommy."They don't want to reach the Karso channel until after dark tomorrow." There are cases when only the time expression shows that the action refers to the future.
The Sun sets at seven twenty tomorrow.
The Present Simple can be used in object clauses to denote future action.Here refer the sentences with the head clause.After the informal expression "I bet" a present simple tense can be used with a future meaning (Swan, 1984, pp. 255-257, 297).
I bet I get there before you.

Mərcgəlirəmki, mənsəndənəvvəloraçatacam.(=çataram)
After "I bet" the verb in the present simple is translated into Azerbaijani by means of the future tense.
The verb "hope" is often followed by a present tense with a future meaning, especially in the first person.After "I hope" the verb in the Present Simple is translated into Azerbaijani by means of the future tense.
The Present Simple with future meaning is used instead of the future in most of subordinate clauses, if the main verb of the sentence is in future, or has a future meaning including in adverbial clauses of time (time clauses) introduced by as soon as, when, before, until etc.

Səhəraçılandaaltısaatolacaqki, mənmaşınsürürəm.
Though in the adverbial clause of time the verb "get" is used in the present simple, it refers the action to the future.When it is translated into Azerbaijani, not tense form but non-finite form of the verb (feilibağlamasəhəraçılanda) is used.
Beside time clauses, the Present Simple is also common in conditional, attributive, object clauses.The Present Simple with future meaning is normally used after "in case".Murphy writes: "Don't use will after in case.Use a present tense when you are talking about the future."(Murphy, 1994, p. 80) We'll wear a raincoat in case it rains.(=Perhaps it will rain.)Mənplaşgeyinəcəm, olabilsinki, yağışyağacaq.I'll take his address with me in case I have time to see him there.Mənonunünvanınıözümləgötürəcəyəmki, birdən (olabilsinki,) onunlagörüşməyəvaxtımolar.

Supposing it rains-what
In Azerbaijani present tense form can also be used to denote future action.According to Musayev, present simple is used instead of Future Simple when the speaker thinks the action is certain to happen.
Sabah əsgərgəlir! (Cəfərova, 2004, p. 131) gəlir-the predicate in the indicative mood gəl-the root morphem -ir-grammatical morpheme which denotes future So, both in English and Azerbaijani the present tense can be used to denote future action.

The Present Progressive as a Way of Expressing Futurity (am/is/are doing) and the Ways of Conveying It in Azerbaijani
In contemporary English the Present Progressive (Continuous) is considered to be one of the main ways of expressing futurity as it can refer to future time.So this tense form as a way of expressing futurity is accepted by all the scholars.They have made numerous studies on the future use of the present progressive.But one can find some distinctive features among their explanations.According to Leech et al. (Leech et al., 2001, p. 175) future plans referred to by the present progressive are not so fixed.It refers to a present plan which may possibly still be altered (Leech et al., 2004, p. 65).Allen thinks that (Allen, 1996, p. 215) the present progressive often seems to refer to a future event for which preparations of some kind already have begun."It means that this tense form plays the role of being the bridge between the present and future.As to De Wit & Brisard (De Wit & Brisard, 2014, p. 71) the "future use" of the present progressive is a type of extension of "Current Ongoingness".In the paper dealing with the 'future use of Present Progressive (Mori, 2016, pp. 1-12) Mori thinks that 'the future use of the present progressive is a case of diachronic phenomenon called subjectification.Stannard Allen assimilate the Pesent Cntinuous with the modal expression "to be going to" explaining it with the fact that they both can express a definite future.The time of the action is fairly immediate (Allen, 1974, p. 118).But according to Michael Swan, it is one of the common ways of expressing futurity.In spite of having all these kinds of meaning mentioned above generally the present progressive is translated into Azerbaijani either by present or future tense form.She said, "I am going to the town.Shall I about future events that have already been decided.In this meaning to be going to can replace it.get you stamps, paper, tobacco?" and she felt him wince.
O dedi: Mənşəhərəgedirəm (=gedəcəm).İstəyirsənsəninüçünmarkalar, kağız, tütün alım," və o, onuntitrədiyini hiss etdi.When the Present Progressive denotes future action, it is conveyed in Azerbaijani by means of present (gedirəm) or future tense form (gedəcəm).It should be stated that in Azerbaijani planned future action can also be expressed by the present tense form.
We are going to Nabran for having summer holidays, and you?

Biz yaydaistirahətəNabranagedirik, bəssiz?
There are many cases when people speak about the present and future at the same time.
We are going to the wedding party on Sunday.

Biz bazar günütoyagedirik.
We have already been given an invitation for the party and we have accepted it.

Present Progressive or Present Form of "to be going to" for the Planned Future Action
Present Progressiveor present form of "to be going to" is used to express the planned future action (Swan, 1984, p. 252).But there is some difference between them at any rate.Unlike the Present Progressive, "to be going to" denotes one more additional meaning of intention which expresses special shade of modal meaning.
shall we do?Əgəryağışyağsa biz nəedəcəyik?Supposing it rains-the adverbial clause of condition with the verb in the present simple but referring the action to the future.He will tell them what he learns.O öyrəndiyinionadeyəcək.(=O, nəöyrənsəonadeyəcək.) what he learns-the object clause with the verb in the Present Simple referring the action to the future.You will have anything I buy.Mənalacağımhərşeysəninolacaq.I buy-the attributive clause with the verb in the Present Simple referring the action to the future, translated into Azerbaijani by means of the non-finite form of the verb called "feilisifət".I'll follow him wherever he goes.O, haragedirsəgetsinmənonuizləyəcəm.wherever he goes-the adverbial clause of concession with the verb in the Present Simple referring the action to the future.

Table 1 .
Ugryumova's classification about the ways of expressing futureAs seen from the table, to be going to, Present Continuous and Present Indefinite were not noted by the investigator (See table 1).It seems that in that period they were hardly used.The fact that attracts our attention in Ugryumova's investigation is that the ways of expressing futurity were analyzed by dividing them into grammatical, lexico-grammatical subgroups.Present Indefinite and Present Perfect were included in the list of grammatical ways of expressing futurity while the rest in the lexico-grammatical ways of expressing futurity.This work lets us know what changes had occurred during the historical development of the language.While comparing them with the examples from modern fiction it turns out that in contemporary English the future is widely

Table 2 .
The paradigm of the future tense forms

Table 3 .
The paradigm of the other tense forms expressing future action