A Contrastive Study Of English Arabic Noun Morphology

This book presents a phenomenon-oriented survey of the interaction between phonology and morphology. It examines the ways in which morphology, i.e

language variation, the book investigates key features and parameters of Arabic grammar. Part I addresses morpho-syntactic and semantic interfaces in temporality, aspectuality, and actionality, including the Past/Perfect/Perfective ambiguity akin to the very synthetic temporal morphology, collocating time adverb construal, and interpretability of verbal Number as pluractional. Part II is dedicated to nominal architecture, the behaviour of bare nouns as true indefinites, the count/mass dichotomy (re-examined in light of general, collective, and singulative DP properties), the mirror image ordering of serialized adjectives, and N-to-D Move in synthetic possession, proper names, and individuated vocatives. Part III examines the role of CP in time and space anchoring, double access reading (in a DAR language such as Arabic), sequence of tense (SOT), silent pronominal categories in consistent null subject languages (including referential and generic pro), and the interpretability of inflection. Semantic and formal parameters are set out, within a mixed macro/micro-parametric model of language variation. The book is of particular interest to students, researchers, and teachers of Arabic, Semitic, comparative, typological, or general linguistics. The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic -Janet C. E. Watson 2007-11-01 This book is the first comprehensive account of the phonology and morphology of Arabic. It is a pioneering work of scholarship, based on the author's research in the region. Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by some 250 million people in an area stretching from Morocco in the West to parts of Iran in the East. Apart from its great intrinsic interest, the importance of the language for phonological and morphological theory lies, as the author shows, in its rich root-and-pattern morphology and its large set of guttural consonants. Dr Watson focuses on two eastern dialects, Cairene and San'ani. Cairene is typical of an advanced urban Mediterranean dialect and has a cultural importance throughout the Arab world; it is also the variety learned by most foreign speakers of Arabic. San'ani, spoken in Yemen, is representative of a conservative peninsula dialect. In addition the book makes extensive reference to other dialects as well as to classical and Modern Standard Arabic. The volume opens with an overview of the history and varieties of Arabic, and of the study of phonology within the Arab linguistic tradition. Successive chapters then cover dialectal differences and similarities, and the position of Arabic within Semitic; the phoneme system and the representation of phonological features; the syllable and syllabification; word stress; derivational morphology; inflectional morphology; lexical phonology; and post-lexical phonology. The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic will be of great interest to Arabists and comparative Semiticists, as well as to phonologists, morphologists, and linguists more generally. The Morphology of Loanwords in Urdu -Riaz Ahmed Mangrio 2016-06-22 Although a major language in itself, Urdu has borrowed words from three major languages of the world, namely Persian, Arabic and English, with various loan morphological and phonological features. There have been very few studies on this phenomenon, and many features are still unexplored. This study focuses on loanword morphology, and looks at the nature of loanwords borrowed from these three languages. The book begins by examining the morphological adaptation of loanwords. Secondly, parallels and differences are explored between the relatively recent adaptation of English loans and the older adaptation of words from Arabic and Persian. The descriptive content of the book -covering as it does not only English loanwords, but those from Arabic and Persian as well, in addition to examining native Urdu structures -is refreshingly broad. The study itself is primarily descriptive, carefully teasing apart the sometimes complex interactions between syntax, semantics and linguistic function relative to loanword adaptation. However, even beyond the question of loanword adaptation, there is much to recommend itself descriptively here, with regard to the morphological structures of Urdu, including endocentric, exocentric, copulative, postpositional and verbal compounds. In addition to such derivational processes, this study also considers various inflectional issues, such as gender, number and case morphology, the pluralisation of English nominal loans, and the adaptation of English verbs through the use of Urdu dummy verbs. The book offers a good foundation for a more in-depth examination of the data against current morphological theory. Taken as a whole, it not only presents a large quantity of interesting data in pursuing the immediate question of loanword adaptation in Urdu, but also provides a fruitful starting point for a wealth of further investigations into Urdu and into loanword adaptation more generally.

Word-Formation across Languages -Pavol Štekauer 2017-01-06
Research into cross-linguistic aspects and typology of word-formation has not been paid relevant and systematic attention by morphologists, and only a few articles dealing with various word-formation issues of this kind appear in journals. The chapters in this volume address this issue by discussing, on contrastive principles, important questions of word-formation in a sample of 26 languages. The focus of the book, as a whole, is on typological features of word-formation in the languages sampled. It is aimed at researchers that have an interest in wordformation in a variety of languages. On Definiteness -Andrew Chesterman 2005-11-17 This book proposes a new theory of definiteness in language. It argues that definiteness should be viewed as a cover-term comprising three basic oppositions within the areas of familiarity (locatability), quantity (inclusiveness) and generality (extensivity). Further, the oppositions are not discrete but scalar, and lend themselves to characterization in terms of fuzzy set theory. Dr. Chesterman examines these themes, firstly by drawing on several traditions of research on the rich system of articles in English, and then by looking at how the concept of definiteness is realized in Finnish, a language that has no articles and typically leaves definiteness to be inferred by a variety of means. On Definiteness provides a thorough and sensitive discussion of an intricate semantic problem. It highlights two important theoretical points: the fuzziness of the linguistic concept of definiteness, and the differences among languages in the ways in which they draw the line between syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The Structure of Modern English -Laurel J. Brinton 2000-01-01 This text is designed for undergraduate and graduate students interested in contemporary English, especially those whose primary area of interest is English as a second language. Focus is placed exclusively on English data, providing an empirical explication of the structure of the language. Aspects of the Theory of Morphology -Igor Mel'cuk 2006-01-01 The book is dedicated to linguistic morphology and it contains a sketch of a complete morphological theory, centered around a discussion of fundamental concepts such as morph vs. morpheme, inflectional category, voice, grammatical case, agreement vs. government, suppletion, relationships between linguistic signs, etc.: the hottest issues in modern linguistics! The book introduces rigorous and clear concepts necessary to describe morphological phenomena of natural languages. Among other things, it offers logical calculi of possible grammemes in a given category. The presentation is developed in a typological perspective, so that linguistic data from a large variety of languages are described and analyzed (about 100 typologically very different languages). The main method is deductive: the concepts proposed in Aspects of the Theory of Morphology are based on a small set of indefinibilia and each concept is defined in terms of these indefinibilia and/or other concepts defined previously; as a result, logical calculi can be constructed (similar to Mendeleev's Periodical Table of Elements in chemistry). Then the concept is applied to the actual linguistic data to demonstrate its validity and advantages. Thus, Aspects of the Theory of Morphology combines metalinguistic endeavor (a system of concepts for morphology) with typological and descriptive orientation. It reaches out to all students of language, including the border fields and applications. Further Insights into Contrastive Analysis -Jacek Fisiak 1991-02-28 After a period of crisis in the 1960s, Contrastive Analysis has now regained its firm position, although in a different form and with broader goals. This collection of papers reflects the scope of research and the range of interest of linguists who are involved in contrastive linguistics research. The volume contains 35 contributions by 37 authors from 13 different countries and includes an Index of names and an Index of terms. ‫العربية‬ ‫قراءة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫وجيز‬ ‫مدخل‬ -A. F. L. Beeston 1968-11 Provides for a sound understanding of abstract literature on scholarly subjects. Excludes the mass of linguistic detail contained in traditional Arabic grammars. Exploring Lexical Inaccuracy in Arabic-English Translation -Yasir Alenazi 2022-10-31 This book presents a case study on lexical error analysis in the translation products of Arab English majors at the university level with important implications for Arabic-speaking countries. It provides detailed analyses and explanations of the main lexical areas that cause specific difficulties for these students, while also identifying their potential sources. The respective chapters discuss several areas related to the context of the research, the field of SLA, error analysis, language transfer, error taxonomies, language learning, language teaching, and translation training. The analyses and findings presented here contribute to the linguistic field by developing a comprehensive list of lexical error categories based on form, content, and origin of influence regarding translation products. In addition, the book sheds light on the pedagogical aspects contributing to the enhancement of ESL/EFL teaching in the Arab context as well as other contexts where English is taught as a foreign language. The book will help educators and curriculum writers in designing materials, and language researchers as a groundwork for their studies of L2 learners' written products. Introduction to English Morphology -Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy 2017-12-20 What exactly are words? Are they the things that get listed in dictionaries, or are they the basic units of sentence structure? Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy explores the implications of these different approaches to words in English. He explains the various ways in which words are related to one another, and shows how the history of the English language has affected word structure. Topics include: words, sentences and dictionaries; a word and its parts (roots and affixes); a word and its forms (inflection); a word and its relatives (derivation); compound words; word structure; productivity; and the historical sources of English word formation. Requiring no prior linguistic training, this textbook is suitable for undergraduate students of English -literature or language -and provides a sound basis for further linguistic study. The Syntax of Arabic -Joseph E. Aoun 2010 A guide to Arabic syntax covering a broad variety of topics including argument structure, negation, tense, agreement phenomena, and resumption. The discussion of each topic sums up the key research results and provides new points of departure for further research. Understanding Morphology -Martin Haspelmath 2013-10-28 This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Theories are presented clearly in accessible language with the main purpose of shedding light on the data, rather than as a goal in themselves. The authors consistently draw on the best research available, thus utilizing and discussing both functionalist and generative theoretical approaches. Each chapter includes a summary, suggestions for further reading, and exercises. As such this is the ideal book for both beginning students of linguistics, or anyone in a related discipline looking for a first introduction to morphology. Exploring Linguistic Science -Allison Burkette 2018-03-15 Introduces students to the scientific study of language, using the basic principles of complexity theory.

The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology -Andrew Hippisley 2016-11-24
The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology describes the diversity of morphological phenomena in the world's languages, surveying the methodologies by which these phenomena are investigated and the theoretical interpretations that have been proposed to explain them. The Handbook provides morphologists with a comprehensive account of the interlocking issues and hypotheses that drive research in morphology; for linguists generally, it presents current thought on the interface of morphology with other grammatical components and on the significance of morphology for understanding language change and the psychology of language; for students of linguistics, it is a guide to the present-day landscape of morphological science and to the advances that have brought it to its current state; and for readers in other fields (psychology, philosophy, computer science, and others), it reveals just how much we know about systematic relations of form to content in a language's words -and how much we have yet to learn.
Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics -Bernard Comrie 1991-08-02 This is the third in a continuing series of papers presented at the annual meetings of the Arabic Linguistic Society whose primary purpose is to provide a forum for the study of Arabic within current approaches in linguistics. The volume includes a section on Arabic in relation to other languages, with papers ranging from the importance of Arabic to general linguistic theory, and guttural phonology to Arabic loanwords in Acehnese, verbless sentences in Arabic and Hebrew, and a contrastive study of middle and unaccusative constructions in Arabic and English. In the second section of the book, "Grammatical perspectives on Arabic", topics ranging from causatives in Moroccan Arabic and epenthesis in Makkan Arabic to a computer analysis of Modern Standard Arabic morphology are discussed. The third section, "Socio-and psycholinguistic perspectives", includes papers on women, men, and linguistic variation, code switching and linguistic accommodation, and agrammatism. A Handbook of English Grammar -R. W. Zandroort 1977 Resources in Education -1998-05

Language -Edward Sapir 1921
Between English and Arabic -Bahaa Abulhassan 2014-06-02 This book offers a challenging and stimulating perspective on translation. It is a comprehensive practical course in translation between English and Arabic and, as such, will be invaluable to students of translation. Based on contrastive linguistics, it features a variety of translation key concepts, including lexical, grammatical and stylistic issues. The book balances theory and application in translation. The book is the result of the many courses the author has taught to students of Arabic-English translation, and will help bilingual speakers become familiar with translation techniques and develop practical translation skills to the same standard as that expected of a university graduate. It presents a remarkable selection of examples of English/Arabic translation. Through lexical research, glossary building and an introduction to key theoretical concepts in translation, the reader will gain a better understanding of what graduate-level translation involves.

The Oxford Handbook of African Languages -Rainer Vossen 2020-03-13
This book provides a comprehensive overview of current research in African languages, drawing on insights from anthropological linguistics, typology, historical and comparative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. It covers a wide range of topics, from grammatical sketches of individual languages to sociocultural and extralinguistic issues.

The Arabic Noun Phrase -Joost Merijn Kremers 2003
The aim of this study is to develop a model of the Arabic noun phrase from a minimalist perspective. It provides an analysis of many phenomena in the Arabic noun phrase, such as the construct state, adjectival agreement, definiteness inheritance, the formation of deverbal nouns and participles, etc. Next to this discussion, the dissertation also focuses on a more theoretical aspect of syntax: linearisation. The Minimalist Program as developed by Chomsky (1995) and subsequent work provides the basis for a syntactic theory that uses as few primitive notions as possible. However, because the Minimalist Program is not a fully worked out theory, some aspects of it remain to be developed, and linearisation is one of them. This study argues that linearisation is an important part of syntax, in that it is responsible for certain word order variation. This idea challenges the notions developed by Kayne (1994), who argues that human language has a universal underlying word order. Contrary to Kayne's model, the linearisation procedure developed in the current study is minimalist in nature. It starts out with the basic observation that any procedure that linearises a hierarchical tree structure needs to search the tree in order to find the terminal elements that are to be spelled out. By specifying how this search takes place, it is shown that we do not need to resort to additional mechanisms to account for word order. Instead, the linearisation procedure uses two parameters that guide the order in which branches of the tree are searched, which determines the order in which the terminal elements are found and spelled out. Universals in Comparative Morphology -Jonathan David Bobaljik 2012-10-05 An argument for, and account of linguistic universals in the morphology of comparison, combining empirical breadth and theoretical rigor. This groundbreaking study of the morphology of comparison yields a surprising result: that even in suppletion (the wholesale replacement of one stem by a phonologically unrelated stem, as in good-better-best) there emerge strikingly robust patterns, virtually exceptionless generalizations across languages. Jonathan David Bobaljik describes the systematicity in suppletion, and argues that at least five generalizations are solid contenders for the status of linguistic universals. The major topics discussed include suppletion, comparative and superlative formation, deadjectival verbs, and lexical decomposition. Bobaljik's primary focus is on morphological theory, but his argument also aims to integrate evidence from a variety of subfields into a coherent whole. In the course of his analysis, Bobaljik argues that the assumptions needed bear on choices among theoretical frameworks and that the framework of Distributed Morphology has the right architecture to support the account. In addition to the theoretical implications of the generalizations, Bobaljik suggests that the striking patterns of regularity in what otherwise appears to be the most irregular of linguistic domains provide compelling evidence for Universal Grammar. The book strikes a unique balance between empirical breadth and theoretical detail. The phenomenon that is the main focus of the argument, suppletion in adjectival gradation, is rare enough that Bobaljik is able to present an essentially comprehensive description of the facts; at the same time, it is common enough to offer sufficient variation to explore the question of universals over a significant dataset of more than three hundred languages.

Dynamics of Morphological Productivity -Francesco Gardani 2013-05-30
In Dynamics of Morphological Productivity, Francesco Gardani explores the evolution of the productivity of the noun inflectional classes of Latin and Old Italian, providing a wealth of cleverly organized empirical facts, accompanied by brilliant and groundbreaking analyses. A Linguistic History of Arabic -Jonathan Owens 2006-05-11 A Linguistic History of Arabic presents a reconstruction of proto-Arabic by the methods of historical-comparative linguistics. It challenges the traditional conceptualization of an old, Classical language evolving into the contemporary Neo-Arabic dialects. Professor Owens combines established comparative linguistic methodology with a careful reading of the classical Arabic sources, such as the grammatical and exegetical traditions. He arrives at a richer and more complex picture of early Arabic language history than is current today and in doing so establishes the basis for a comprehensive, linguistically-based understanding of the history of Arabic. The arguments are set out in a concise, case by case basis, making it accessible to students and scholars of Arabic and Islamic culture, as well as to those studying Arabic and historical linguists. Elementary Arabic Morphology 2 -Rashid Al-Shartuni 2014-09-21 1. What is morphology? 2. How many kinds of words are there? 3. Is morphology applied to every kind of word? 4. What is the changing of a word from one form to another called? 5. How is morphology applied to verbs?

Translating Tenses in Arabic-English and English-Arabic Contexts -Hassan Abdel-Shafik Hassan Gadalla 2017-05-11
This volume is devoted to the translation of Arabic tenses into English, and English tenses into Arabic. Using a corpus of 1,605 examples, it is remarkably exhaustive in its treatment of the categories and forms of both Standard Arabic and English tenses. As such, it represents a useful reference for translators and linguistics researchers. With 260 example sentences and their translations, the book will be very beneficial to teachers and students of Arabic-English and English-Arabic translation. The book is divided into eight chapters. The first presents the variety of Arabic that will be studied and explains why translation should be a text-oriented process. Chapter Two deals with the differences between tense and aspect in Arabic and English, respectively. Chapter Three proposes a model for translating Standard Arabic perfect verbs into English based on their contextual references. The fourth chapter shows the contextual clues that can assist a translator in selecting the proper English equivalents of Arabic imperfect verbs. Chapter Five deals with the translation of Arabic active participles into English. Translating Arabic passive participles into English is handled in Chapter Six. The seventh chapter tackles the translation of English simple and progressive tenses into Arabic. Chapter Eight provides an approach to the translation of English perfect and perfect progressive tenses into Standard Arabic.

Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic -Hassan A. H. Gadalla 2000
Nominal Determination -Elisabeth Stark 2007 rhetoric bridges the gap between learning and research, whilst also meeting the academic needs of our present time. This up-to-date text provides a valuable source for undergraduate students learning Arabic as a foreign language, and is also an essential text for researchers in Arabic, Islamic studies, and students of linguistics and academics. Contrastive Studies in Morphology and Syntax -Michalis Georgiafentis 2020-01-23 Using different theoretical approaches and frameworks, this book addresses a broad range of themes in contrastive linguistics, including inflection, derivation and compounding, tense, wh-questions, post-verbal subjects, focus and clitics, among others. Comparing English, German, Greek, Romance, Slavic and South Pacific languages, the book highlights the significance of the contrastive perspective for language-specific description and general interface issues, casting light on contrasts between languages at the levels of morphology and syntax. In this respect, it makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of language typology and language universals. A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic -Karin C. Ryding 2005-08-25 A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic is a comprehensive handbook on the structure of Arabic. Keeping technical terminology to a minimum, it provides a detailed yet accessible overview of Modern Standard Arabic in which the essential aspects of its phonology, morphology and syntax can be readily looked up and understood. Accompanied by extensive carefully-chosen examples, it will prove invaluable as a practical guide for supporting students' textbooks, classroom work or self-study, and will also be a useful resource for scholars and professionals wishing to develop an understanding of the key features of the language. Grammar notes are numbered for ease of reference, and a section is included on how to use an Arabic dictionary, as well as helpful glossaries of Arabic and English linguistic terms and a useful bibliography. Clearly structured and systematically organised, this book is set to become the standard guide to the grammar of contemporary Arabic. Arabic Stories for Language Learners -Hezi Brosh 2013-08-06 Arabic Stories for Language Learners-a language learning experience for beginner to intermediate students of the Arabic language. The traditional stories of a country are invaluable at providing insight into understanding the culture, history and language of a people. A great way to learn Arabic, the sixty-six stories found in Arabic Stories for Language Learners present the vocabulary and grammar used every day in Arabic-speaking countries. Pulled from a wide variety of sources that have been edited and simplified for learning purposes, these stories are presented in parallel Arabic and English, facilitating language learning in the classroom and via self-study. Each story is followed by a series of questions in Arabic and English to test comprehension and encourage discussion. Arabic Stories for Language Learners brings Arab culture to life colorfully and immediately. Regardless of whether or not you have a working knowledge of Arabic, this book gives readers a tantalizing introduction to the wisdom and humor of these ancient desert-dwelling peoples. The downloadable in audio helps students of Arabic improve their pronunciation and inflection, and immerses non-students into the uniquely Arabic storytelling style. Interlanguage Error Analysis: an Appropriate and Effective Pedagogy for Efl Learners in the Arab World -Muhammad Khan Abdul Malik 2020-05-31 First of all the author wants to make it crystal clear that the present work is of a great benefit both for the English and Arab learners of the target language either Arabic or English. This edition of the book pinpoints previous researchers' findings regarding English and Arabic phonological, morphological and syntactic similarities and differences and how all these differences result in mistakes and errors by the Arab learners of English in their learning process. These mistakes or errors are unconsciously or involuntarily made by Arab learners of English due to the differences between the system and sub-systems of the two languages. The present attempt is the result of my realization as an English language teacher as to how a teacher can minimize students difficulties in learning of English and maximize their knowledge, skills and competency of English as a foreign or second language. This is the first edition. The work is pedagogically oriented and primarily intended to make teaching-learning of English as a foreign/second language a bit easy especially for the first-year university students of English language in the Arab world: (Gulf area such as KSA, UAE, Kuwait, and the Middle East Area, such as Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and so on). The focus is on phonetic and morpho-syntactic variations in Arabic and English languages. This area of research becomes more interesting through the assumptions -(i) information about the differences and similarities between Arabic and English language is to be supplied at an early stage since this facilitates the students learning task, (ii) the differences are to be presented in pedagogically suitable format, (iii) it is useful to separate and present phonetics, morphological and syntactic categories as they function in suitable contexts and not merely abstract notions, (iv) before students may tackle contrastive analysis, they should have basic knowledge of Arabic and English languages similarities and differences and (v) pre-modification and post-modification of lexical and syntactic structures are to be explained appropriately. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic -Hans Wehr 1979 "An enlarged and improved version of "Arabisches Wèorterbuch fèur die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart" by Hans Wehr and includes the contents of the "Supplement zum Arabischen Wèorterbuch fèur die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart" and a collection of new additional material (about 13.000 entries) by the same author."