A Deictic Analysis of Pakistan ’ s National Identity Representation in the Indigenous English Newspapers

The goal set for the present study is to investigate the temporal and spatial deixis which are used to represent and build the national identity of Pakistan in the two leading indigenous English newspapers. The study investigates how the WAR and NATION frames are used in the opinion articles of The News and DAWN to project the negative image of Pakistan by using temporal and spatial deixis. The data collection is based on the ten years of opinion articles from 2007–2017. The political situation of Pakistan in the year 2007 was crucial and it is marked as a step towards the revival of civilian democracy through the announcement of general election in Pakistan during the ongoing war on terror. Purposive sampling technique is used in the selection of data. The theoretical foundation is based on the Anderson’s (1991) Imagined community. The empirical framework is based on Harts’ (2014) Critical Cognitive Discourse Analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed. Antconc is used to generate the frequencies and concordance lines of the text. The data analysis shows that journalists mostly projected the negative image of Pakistan by utilizing different deixis and by linking the events of past from shared memories with the present and the future events by conceptualizing WAR and NATION Frames.


National Identity
The idea of 'nation' and 'national identity' dates back to antiquity.The term national identity is generally related with nationalism (Anderson, 1991).However, Gellner (1965) claims that nationalism only works when the nation is passing through any crisis and nationals are unacquainted with that crisis.Masses, which are aware do not follow any nationalist agenda.The national identity is the representation of people which is articulated by the nationals.Butler (1999) declares national identity to be the choice and the option of nationals in case if they like to associate themselves with a certain political community.Smith (1991) attempts to present a comprehensive definition of national identity but later proposed changes.He postulates five characteristics a nation must possess.These are: it has to be a political community; historically connected; political community must share common values; culture and bounded by shared customs and traditions; the relationship of community members with their territory must be from time immemorial and common shared past (ibid.p. 9).Political community should be expressive about their national sentiments.The idea of national identity can be applicable only to the nationals of the sovereign states and which are connected by common language, history, educational programmes, and a representative mass media.Anderson (1991) presented a classic and compact definition of national identity.He proposes that a nation is an imagined political community; limited in terms of its borders, and enjoys the status of a sovereign power.According to him, a vernacular links the political community.He emphasized on the 'the role of print media' as a key power house which spread the sentiments of nationalism amongst the nationals.Smith (1991) maintains that nationalism is used by the political elites to impact the nationals and leads towards a certain direction.He endorsed Anderson's idea of religious nationalism and claims that religious nationalism is gaining momentum in Israel with the revival of Hebrew and with the promotion of Judaism while in countries like Pakistan and Malaysia Islamic nationalism is also being promoted (ibid, p. 141).With the projection of religious nationalism, a new form of religious extremism is being represented as the new national identity.Guibernau (2004) adds in this connection that many nations in the world have more than indigenous languages i.e., Canada and Belgium and there are nations in the world who replaced their indigenous language as happened in Scotland.The tragedy of 9/11 initiated the change of discourse in the world politics and brings the world to discuss the importance of national identities of the states.This brings the shift of discourse from globalization to national identity discourse.The linguistic situation in post-colonial sovereign states also differs from the colonizers as they have different official and indigenous languages i.e. the multi ethnic societies of Pakistan and India where English is the official, language of higher education and of judiciary and lingua franca of the masses.Many national dailies and weekly newspapers are published in English language in Pakistan.
1.1.1.The Importance of Print Media and Language Anderson (1991) puts forward that national identity is not something people inherit in their blood, rather it is build and constructed by the print media.The construction and representation of national identity is bounded with the social fabric of the nation or state and the print media by employing a vernacular language which serves as a connector between people of a community and their imagination of community.Thomson (1995, p. 35) declares that media plays a substantial role in the creation of imagined communities and the people associate themselves with their nation by conceptualizing.Print media raise the issues related to national identity.National identity changes with the changes in the social, strategic and economic conditions of the nation.The representation of past events which are shared by people and which remain as a shared memory is represented in the print media by using symbolic and metaphorical images.In this way, the print media maintains the institutional hegemony.Journalists and writers' personal opinions and ideologies also influence the representation of national identity discourse.The manufactured news is presented after careful selection of lexical and grammatical structures (Fowler, 1991).Herman and Chomsky (1988) presented a propaganda model which outlines that the media power houses create propaganda to achieve financial benefits by portraying their hidden agendas.Propaganda creates an instant risk to the reader.Facts are manipulated.The language used in the propaganda discourse about national identity is carefully selected and it intensifies the whole situation by presenting the nationals as the victims.According to Anderson (1991), the role of language is pivotal as it connects the people of the community to their shared culture and past memories.

English Print Media in Pakistan
Many daily newspapers in English language are published in Pakistan.The present study is based on the corpus of two leading English newspapers in Pakistan.DAWN is Pakistan's leading liberal English newspaper published by Herald.The Herald group is a conglomerate holding both electronic and print media channels named as DAWN News.This newspaper was inaugurated by the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam in 1941 before partition of the sub-continent.
The News is the second most read English newspaper in Pakistan.This newspaper also holds electronic channels named GEO News and like DAWN, is an influential newspaper.The News group media owns 'Jang', the largest circulating newspaper in Urdu language in Pakistan.In both newspapers many prominent writers write opinion articles and columns.These opinion articles present the positioning of the writers about their stance on certain crucial issues.For the present study, 15 opinion articles are selected from both the newspapers related to national identity of Pakistan.

Pakistan's Turmoil as a Nation State
Since the creation of Pakistan as a nation state and its independence from the colonial sub-continent in 1947, Pakistan has faced catastrophic ideological tragedies, three massive wars with India and a prolonged war on terror after 9/11.Political and constitutional chaos in the country resulted in three martial laws which were a decade long.Ideological turmoil resulted in the separation and creation of Bangladesh in 1971 and the two-nation theory was then nullified as a result.Pakistan entered in the war of terror of the USA in Afghanistan and as a result faced endless terror attacks and killings in the state.2007 brought another calamity in Pakistan.The return of the ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto after signing National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) with the, then, President General Musharraf and her assassination brought a new wave of political awareness, followed by general elections in 2008 in the country.The restoration of democracy in Pakistan was welcomed by everyone.On the contrary, the democratic era starting from 2008 brought with it some extremely difficult situations in the country.The sovereignty of Pakistan was challenged due to the extremism and the repercussions of war on terror.The critical discourse about Pakistan's national identity in the indigenous English print media was represented in a negative manner.Representation is about the community, its integrity and sovereignty.The present study explores the linguistic devices which are used to connect the events of past and link it with the national identity of Pakistan.(Hart, 2014).Proximization strategy is discussed in terms of deixis of person and time with direct reference to pronouns and extended phrases.

Research Questions
The present study is designed to find out the answers of the following research questions: 1) How are the temporal and spatial deixis used in the opinion articles to represent the national identity of Pakistan in terms of NATION and WAR frame?
2) What sort of role does the temporal and spatial deixis play in the meaning construction of the national identity of Pakistan in terms of WAR and NATION frame?

Methodology and Data Collection
To find the answers of the research questions, the present study is designed both qualitatively and quantitatively as well.A mixed method approach authenticates the results and findings of the research.The corpus of 15 texts was compiled from two leading English newspapers DAWN and The News.McEnery and Wilson (1996, p. 177) define Corpus Linguistics as the branch of linguistics which uses computational techniques to study maximally representative text of a language.Baker (2006) elaborates different aspects of the corpus study.According to him, corpus is manipulated in terms of types/tokens, concordance lines, frequency etc. Tokens are the total words in a corpus while types are occurrence of same token in the corpus.Frequency is the number of occurrence of tokens in a corpus.The focus of the data collection was the opinion articles.The data were collected from the online versions of both newspapers.Opinion articles of renowned writers were included.A purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data as the focus was on the discourse which is created about the national identity of Pakistan.All the articles were read thoroughly and the overall meanings of the texts were determined.
In the first step, all the data were converted into word files from pdf files and the names and dates and images were removed.Only text was left for data processing.In the second step, the word file was converted into text file on notepad.Antconc 3.5.7 version was used for corpus processing.Antconc is a reliable software package for data mining and it provides many options for data processing including the generation of word frequency lists, concordance lines, collocation, comparison of word lists etc.In this study,  First, the word frequency list of the text of opinion articles was generated.
 The second step was to find the frequencies of the tokens including Pakistan, War, Nation and pronouns (I, you, we, and they) and temporal deixis (now, then).
 The third step was to generate the concordance lines of the words related to WAR and NATION frames.Concordance lines present the preceding and following words in the particular context (Baker, 2006).
 The fourth stage was to analyze both the frames within the DST model presented by Hart (2014).For this, spatial and temporal deixis along with noun phrases, verb phrases and prepositional phrases were analyzed and discussed according to three-dimensional model of DST (Hart, 2014).

Delimitations
 The study is restricted to 15 opinion articles from 2007-2017 and only temporal and spatial deixis in terms of WAR and NATION frame are studied according to DST model (Hart, 2014).The epistemic aspect of the theory is not added, which can be studied in further research.The model can be implemented on a wide range of data including the spoken corpus of electronic media.

Data Analysis and Discussion
The data analysis of 15 opinion articles (List: Appendix A) shows the total token were 17,429 and the total types were 4,119.Appendix B shows the screen shot of Antconc which displays the types/tokens and the frequency of the word Pakistan.Pakistan represents the 'imagined community'.Pakistan as the nation, is the landmark related to place, where all the actions have taken place, so it is counted in the spatial deixis.The use of Pakistan as a highly occurring content word in 15 opinion articles shows that the writers have directly refered to Pakistan.In the corpus of 17,429 tokens, the raw frequency of type 'Pakistan' is 112 (Appendix B) and has a normalized frequency 64.26 times.The normalized frequency in this paper is measured on the bases of ten thousand words as it is a small sized corpus.The text shows phraseological proximization in which the Antagonists are connected by vectors shows as a means of threat to the Antagonist.This process of discourse representation is completed in one single stretch of sentence.This text is an example of phraseological proximization as the threat is completely obvious and invoked by the writer within the context.2. What was the ISI, or rather the army, trying to prove?That the key to decisions relating to war and peace were still in GHQ.The News.March 14, 2011.
Temporal Proximization= T=2011/still TP = ware Spatial Proximization= Action= VP = trying/continued Antagonist = NP=ISI, army Protagonist = not obvious This type of sentence is narrative proximization as the context is not clear in a stretch of sentence and obvious Protagonist is missing.Threat from Antagonist is not clearly targeted.

ween cular rence
Table 6 shows that the temporal deixis of present and past are almost equivalent, as there is no big difference between the usages of "now"/"then" in the opinion articles.The normalized frequencies show the minimum difference between the two deixis, which is 1. 73 (13.77-12.04).The writers of opinion articles, while discussing the present in Pakistan, kept referring to the past in the form of 'then'.There are many other ways to show the temporal deixis by direct reference to time and by using past tense as well.The representation of ideological "now" and "then" shows that the writers link the present situation in Pakistan with the past events and the reference to 'shared memories' by the nation links the nationals to each other.

Conclusion
The study revealed that the role of deixis is very significant in the representation of national identity discourse.The data analysis shows that deixis is used by the writers to conceptualize the different roles assigned to different political and non-political agents in the discourse.In this study, WAR and NATION frames were studied and the data was presented in terms of Discourse Space Theory (Hart, 2014).Events which are a part of shared memory linked with present to conceptualize the negative image of the national identity of Pakistan.The opinion articles studied in this research presented a negative image of Pakistan by using deixis.The deictic expression is meaningful in this regard.The analysis shows that the process of victimization was carried out by the antagonists and as a result the protagonists suffer.The results show that the most occurring expressions were related to war on terror, and sectarian issues, ongoing war in Pakistan, tired nation, unlucky nation.Terrorists and political agents, are represented as antagonists.The role of temporal deixis was to link the events and the role of spatial deixis was to represent the person and place.Many references were given of historical personalities to create a link with current political leaders in Pakistan.Direct reference to the time in past represents a wider image formation of memory.The print media highlighted the negative perspectives regarding the national identity of Pakistan.
Figure 3. Con Figure 5 sh represented through the war going on in the state of Pakistan.The empirical framework is derived from the proximization strategy discussed by Discourse Theory

Table 4 .
Data analysis: Nation