Application of Motivation in Nigeria Construction Industry : Factor Analysis Approach

Motivation application by industry players is expedient for effective workforce towards meeting organisation goal. This study identified motivation variables in accordance with Herzberg theory. This was used to survey factors that influence supervisors’ productivity as well as determining its application by contractors in Nigeria construction firms. Quantitative research design approach was employed with same questionnaire to supervisors and contractors. 174 questionnaires were administered to supervisors and 105 was filled and returned which constitute 60% success rate. Moreover, 16 questionnaires were administered to contractors and 12 was filled and returned which constitute 75% success rate. Analysis was done by descriptive statistics and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The outcome reveals that supervisors are mostly motivated by job security with mean score of 4.11 and standard deviation of .95 and least motivated by overtime with mean value of 2.82 and standard deviation of 1.14. Moreover, the most potent factor influencing their productivity is financial reward. However, the analysis of contractors’ application of motivation reveals that they operate non financial reward. The paper recommends relating motivation application to workers needs as a way of enhancing productivity in the sector. Furthermore, enactment of employment protection legislations for job security should be enhanced to guide against arbitrary dismissal or retrenchment in the sector.


Introduction
Construction industry has been labelled unproductive across the nations of the world as a result of low productivity being recorded in the sector (Eldin & Egger, 1990;Aiyetan & Olotuah, 2006).Empirical studies have equally laid credence to this observation (Adnan et al., 2009;Adjei, 2009).This low performance has been attributed to lack of effective utilization of working hours per day by workers in the sector (Mendes & Hewage, 2014).This issue of productivity decline was observed by the world Economic Forum in its 2011-2012 global competitiveness report.The report indicates that across the regions of the world, Africa has the second lowest productivity growth rate of -1.1 percent between 1987-1995 and 1.3 percent between 1995-2007.Nigeria construction sector is not an exception.In West Africa sub-region, Umoru and Yaquib (2013) reported that productivity growth rate in Nigeria is 1.2percent between 2000-2008 below other countries in the sub-region and by far below the sub-regional average of 1.9 percent.GDP levels of sectors were compared in Nigeria, and the outcome indicates that in 2008; construction sector contributed 1.3percent and was ranked seventh out of twelve sectors considered in the report.In 2013, its contribution increased to 3.1 percent but its ranking dropped to ninth.The poor performance of this sector has been linked to inadequate motivation of workers.It is worthy of note that researchers have concentrated efforts on motivating factors that can enhance productivity improvement and came out with recommendations in this regard (Smither, 2000;Ng et al., 2004: Aiyetan & Olotuah, 2006).However, the applicability of this recommendation by industry players is another issue yet to be considered.

Objectives
The paper has the following objectives: 2) To determine motivating factors as applied by contractors in the industry and establish whether it is in line with workers needs.

Theoretical Framework
Motivation has been defined severally by various authors (Jean et al., 2006;Cox et al., in Barg et al., 2014).However, the summary of these definitions is that it is an incentive, catalyst, or driving force that directs the behaviour of individual towards achieving a set of objectives with a view to meeting personal need and achieve organisational goal.Motivation theory has been evolving, beginning from hedonistic perspective that sees man as lovers of pleasure and haters of pain to contemporary concept of motivation.This contemporary concept is grouped into content and process theories (Aiyetan & Olotuah, 2006;Steers et al., 2014).This framework will focus on content theory from which the study concept was derived.
The main aim of content theory is to shift focus from organisational goal and group motivation to individual motivation (Stone & Patterson, 2005).The major contributors to this theory are Maslow, Herzberg and McClelland.Maslow' hierarchy of needs theory focused on the identification of factors responsible for motivation of individuals (Steer et al., 2004).The view of Maslow (1943) is that man desires to grow from one level to the other along a pyramid.The growth need of man follows this order: physiological, security, love, esteem and self actualisation (Maslow, 1943).He argued that the first three needs are deficiency needs that one must overcome to be an ideal personality; while the last two are growth needs that are not activated as a result of deficiency.
He concluded that man behaviour is directed towards the actualisation of these needs.Hence, serves as a source of motivation of individual.The critics of this theory believed it was not based on empirical data and cannot be scientifically proof (Nzibo, 1988).However, from the perspective of this study, Maslow' theory is a pointer to the path that any purpose driven man should take to be an accomplished personality.
Furthermore, Herzberg observed that if the deficiency needs in Maslow' hierarchy are met, it doesn't guarantee productivity increase except if the growth needs are met also (Stone & Patterson, 2005).Therefore, Herzberg re-directed his theory towards workers needs in such a way that productivity attainment will be achieved, this makes Herzberg begun the evolution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors to further improve on Maslow' theory.Herzberg made some assumptions that there should be separation between what causes dissatisfaction in workplace and what motivates worker (Jean et al., 2006).Herzberg (1968) identified negative and positive 'KITA' (Kick in the pant).This is an application of some measures to get things done.Negative 'KITA' according to him is an uncomplimentary way of getting work done; this might be in form of shouting at worker, monitoring his activities and even kicking the person.
However, he identified positive 'KITA' as a better option.This involves the use of incentives such as more status, promotion, reward and bonus to get people to work towards the attainment of organisational goals.He argued that these incentives only forced the recipients to move, and that the movement is not from his heart.For the movement to come from his heart; there are other factors that can make this possible.These include reduction in working hour, increase or decrease in salary depending on economy, extra benefits, training, communication, job participation and involvement of counsellors.He argued further that in a work setting, growth is desired and this is contained in work content.This includes achievement, appreciation, satisfaction derived from job, responsibility and advancement.
He also identified factors that could help in the avoidance of dissatisfaction he referred to as hygiene factors.This also includes company policy and administration, good supervision, interpersonal affiliation, good working condition, rank, salary and security.He concluded that motivation produce job satisfaction while hygiene factors produce job dissatisfaction.In this study, the motivation factors used is based on Herzberg motivating factors as a result of its popularity among researchers.

Study Methodology
The study area for this survey is Lagos, Nigeria.Quantitative design approach was used.This includes review of literature that assisted in getting variables that were used for the study.Sixteen variables were identified and used for this study.The study population is the site supervisors and contractors represented by the companies surveyed.Large and medium sized companies only were included in the survey on the assumption that they will have stable organisational structures that will be good for this type of study.Sixteen companies were surveyed as against twenty got by simple random sampling.The remaining companies denied the research team permission to their sites.in all the sites surveyed.However, 105 was filled and returned.This constitute 60% success rate achieved.The respondents were asked to rank motivating factors on Likert scale of 1-5 according to the level of influence it has on them.The contractors on the other hand were asked to rank the factors in accordance with how it is applied in their various firms.This assisted in comparing its application with workers need.The method used for the analysis is both descriptive and explorative factor analysis (EFA).This was used in grouping the factors according to potency to confirm results of descriptive analysis.However, because of the small sample of contractors involved in the survey EFA could not be used to group their views.Thereafter, comparison was made between the two groups.Yong and Pearce (2013) opined that EFA helps to make meaning out of variables by categorising them into clusters based on their effects.

Results of Data Analysis
The output of the ranking of site supervisors' responses to motivating factors influence on their productivity is presented in Table 1.Job security is the most influential factor on supervisors' productivity with mean score of 4.11 and SD value of .95.The second most ranked factor is good salary with mean value of 3.95 and SD value of .70.The third influential factor is compliance with safety provision with mean value of 3.94 and SD value of .62.However, it can be noted that beside the third most ranked factor, the first six factors are directly connected with financial reward.It is therefore not out of place to conclude that supervisors in Nigeria construction firms are motivated mostly by financial reward.The least motivator is working overtime.The study went further to explore the pattern of relationship between these variables using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to see whether it conforms to the one established by ranking.Sixteen items of motivation factors were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on SPSS version 17. Suitability of data for EFA was assessed by the use of Kaiser Meyer-Oklin' (KMO) and Barlett' test of sphericity indicated in Table 2. KMO value was .697,this exceeds the value of .5 recommended and Barlett's test of sphericity X 2 (120) = 478.307at P < .001which is significant.This is an indication of patterned relationship between the items and a reflection of factorability of the correlation matrix.The ones that have weak variance are eliminated.This assists in using variables with greater influences to determine the outcome of the analysis.The factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted.This gave six factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 and explained a total variance of 50.36% as reflected in bold letter.Rotation was done by the use of orthogonal varimax.After rotation the factors were arranged in order of potency based on the most explained variance as presented in Table 4. Items in factor 1are good salary, bonus, promotion opportunity, appreciation of efforts and job security are all related to financial reward.They are the most dominant factors influencing supervisors' performance.This conforms to the ranking in Table 1.The second most dominant factor according to Table 4 is satisfaction from work, cooperation from workers and freedom at work.This factor can be termed social relations factor, which is the desire to associate and relate with others.The third group consists of good supervision and good work environment.This factor can be called work environment factor.The forth factor contains taking part in decision and recognition by authority.This factor is referred to as social status factor by this study and is related to the desire of man to be esteemed by others in accordance with Maslow' theory.The fifth factor contains challenging work and compliance with safety.This is referred to as safety need of workers because challenging work can as well be risky.The sixth factor contains opportunity for skill development and overtime.Working overtime increases the on the job hour and is expected to increase skill development.This is therefore called skill development need of workers.The study sought the views of contractors on motivation factors application in their firms.The result is presented in Table 5.The most used motivator is challenging work with mean score of 4.08 and SD of .69,closely followed by opportunity for skill development with mean value of 3.92 and SD of .67.It will be appropriate to say that these two go together.Challenging work enhances skill development.The complexity of projects being executed by these companies can be challenging, at the end of the day improve the skill of workers.The next that shares this second position is good supervision with mean score of 3.92 and SD of .55.Good work environment and Compliance with safety provision are the forth on the list with mean score of 3.83 and SD of .72 respectively.
The least applied motivator is working overtime with mean score of 2.50 and SD of 1.00.This equally reflects the mood of workers.It should however be noted that the first nine most ranked factor by contractors are non financial reward.This is an indication that Nigeria construction firms do not relate motivation with workers need.Supervisors prefer financial reward, while contractors operate non financial.

Discussions of Results
Job security is the most ranked motivating factor by supervisors.This might likely be as a result of increase in unemployment rate in Nigeria and unpredictability of construction climate with attendant seasons of boom and depression.The dominant motivating factor is financial reward as reflected in the patterned relationship established in Table 4.This constitute factor 1. The implication of this result is that for effective performance of supervisors to be ensured, monetary reward should be used as a way of enlisting their cooperation towards greater productivity.This result is in line with Aiyetan and Olotuah (2006) that Nigeria construction workers are motivated by financial reward.Similar study in Iran by Ghoddousi (2014); Ogunlana and Chang (1998) in Thailand gave the same result.However, Ogunlana and Chang (1998) linked this result to the economy of these nations.The analysis of the application of motivating factors by contractors indicates that they prefer non financial reward.Therefore, application of motivator is not in relation with workers need.Supervisors prefer financial reward while contractors operate non financial.For productivity increase to be attained, contractors should relate reward system to the need of workers.Application of financial reward will be a booster to the attainment of organisational goal, thereby boosting GDP of construction sector.
Job security of construction workers in Nigeria should be ensured.This can be achieved by enactment of employment protection legislation.This law will protect workers against illogical dismissal and retrenchment.

Conclusion
Study on motivating factors influence on supervisors and its application in Nigeria construction industry was conducted.The outcome indicates that supervisors are mostly motivated by financial reward.This includes good salary, bonus, promotion opportunity, appreciation of efforts and job security.However, the ranking of motivating factors as applied by contractors do not reflect the need of workers.Contractors prefer non financial incentives.The basis of motivating workers is to relate reward to need; this is contrary in Nigeria construction industry.

Table 1 .
Ranking of influence of motivating factors on supervisors' productivity

Table 2
Table 3 is the output of total variance explained of individual variables in the factor.It assisted to know the number of factors to extract.Factor extraction is done based on variables that have greater influence on the factors being considered.

Table 3 .
Output for total variance explained

Table 4 .
Rotated factor matrix

Table 5 .
Application of motivating factors by contractors