International Journal of Chemistry, Issue: Vol.17, No.2

Empirical Buswell’s Equation for Identifying Anaerobic Digestate

Mon, 17 Mar 2025 11:46:04 +0000

Anaerobic digestion is a promising circular economic technology. Using organic matters as feedstocks, Buswell’s equation can represent anaerobic digestion in accordance with the elemental composition of any organic matter. An organic feedstock is biodegradable to biomethane, biogenetic carbon dioxide, and digestate, but the management of anaerobic digestate encounters some environmental and technological challenges. Currently there is a research gap between Buswell’s concept and the general organic elemental composition of unknown anaerobic digestate. To bridge the gap, this research developed an empirical Buswell’s equation for identifying anaerobic digestate through the integration of theoretical Buswell’s equation and experimental biomethane potential. This model can identify the organic elemental composition and characteristics of any anaerobic digestate, as well as reveal the correlation between an organic matter and its anaerobic digestate. It also discovers a higher heat value of anaerobic digestate which is greater than that of its corresponding organic matter. In addition, the empirical Buswell’s equation can be used for assessing the validity of the empirical formula of organic feedstock.

Buswell’s Model for Calculating Theoretical Higher Heating Value of Organic Matter

Wed, 14 May 2025 07:28:02 +0000

Anaerobic digestion is a microbe-mediated process for producing biomethane, recovering energy, and assessing biodegradability of organic matter. Higher heating value of organic matter and biomethane are used for counting energy conversion efficiency. Anaerobic digestion is an energy conversion process that is tied to the parameters of Buswell’s equation. However, there is no study that attempts to integrate the parameters of Buswell’s equation with higher heating value to form a unified mathematical framework. This study introduces Buswell’s model as a theoretical parameter-derived approach, in which the mathematical framework is constructed by parameters of organic matter, parameters of Buswell’s equation, and higher heating value of organic matter. It is critically important that the theoretical higher heating value of any empirical formula or structural formula can be calculated by the derived mathematical equations.

Impact of Green Catalysis on Reducing Industrial Pollution

Thu, 15 May 2025 02:12:49 +0000

This paper explores the potential of green catalysis as a sustainable solution to industrial pollution. By examining the core principles of green chemistry and the development of eco-friendly catalytic systems, it evaluates how green catalysis can reduce hazardous waste, lower energy consumption, and improve emission control in chemical manufacturing. The study highlights advancements such as nanocatalysts, enzyme engineering, and photocatalysis, illustrating their role in minimizing environmental harm while maintaining industrial productivity. For example, enzyme-based biocatalysts have shown promise in pharmaceutical applications due to their high selectivity and mild operating conditions. The research also addresses key challenges including process scalability, cost-efficiency, and catalyst stability across different industries. Future directions are proposed to support broader implementation, including investment in green technologies and regulatory incentives. The findings underscore the vital importance of green catalysis in advancing cleaner manufacturing practices and aligning chemical production with global sustainability goals. The study concludes that widespread adoption of green catalysts could transform the environmental impact of modern industry.

Chemical Formula-based Method for Balancing Organic Combustion and Quantifying Redox Parameters

Thu, 19 Jun 2025 02:20:12 +0000

Organic combustion is a classic redox reaction. In the study of stoichiometric organic combustion, structural formula has been given little attention when compared to empirical formula. This article uses the arithmetic method to develop a chemical formula-based molecular organic combustion equation, in which the mean oxidation number of organic carbons is selected to be a redox and structural metric for differentiating empirical formula and structural formula, connecting redox parameters, and balancing organic combustion equations. When any empirical formula of organic matter is given, the organic combustion equation can be balanced and deduced. Furthermore, when known atomic coefficients of an empirical formula are input into the general deduced organic combustion equation, the balanced organic combustion can be easily determined. Comparatively, when any structural formula is given, it must undergo the fragmentation method to have the designated products identified and then the arithmetic method can be applied to balance the organic combustion equation. More importantly, this study establishes that for any given chemical formula of organic matter, the parameters of organic matter, the redox parameters of organic combustion, and the balanced organic combustion equation can be determined.

A Facile Synthesis, Spectroscopic Identification, and Antimicrobial Activities of Some New Heterocyclic Derivatives from D-erythro-2,3-hexodiuloso-1,4-lactone-2-(o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 02:46:01 +0000

A new series of different heterocyclic derivatives was prepared via a facile unimolecular condensation of D-iso ascorbic acid with o-chlorophenyl hydrazine to give D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazine (2). Reactions of (2) with hydroxylamine gave the 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (3). On boiling with boiling acetyl chloride, (3) gave 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-glyceryl-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1́-lactone (4). In the treatment of (3) with benzoyl chloride in pyridine the same dehydrative cyclization occurred giving, 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-o-benzoyloxy-D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1΄-lactone (5). On the treatment of compound (4) with liquid ammonia in methanol, deacetylation occurred concurrently with the opening of the lactone ring, to afford the 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide (6). Similarly, treatment of compound (4) with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid hydrazide (7). The controlled reaction of (3) with sodium hydroxide, followed by neutralization, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-4,5-isoxazoline-5-(4H)-one-4-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone (8). Reaction of (3) with HBr-AcOH gave 5-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy-D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone-2-(o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (9); these were converted into 4-(2-O-acetyl-3-bromo-3-deoxy-l-threo-glycerol-l-yl)-2-aryl-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid 5,4¹-lactones on treatment with acetic anhydride-pyridine. Compound (3) treatment with bromine-water caused its cyclization and bromination of the phenyl group to give carboxylic acid 5,1΄-lactone (10). Acetylation of (10) gave the diacetate (11), which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded compound (12), mild acetylation of compound (12) gave the triacetate (13) boiling of (13) with acetic anhydride afforded hexa acetyl derivative (14). on the treatment of compound (11) with liquid ammonia in methanol deacetylation occurred to afford 1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide derivative (15). On the other hand, treatment of compound (3) with bromine-water for a short time yielded 3-oxime (16). Subsequent acetylation with boiling acetic anhydride afforded compound (11). In addition, acetylation of compound 3 afforded a diacetyl derivative assigned as 5,6-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-2,3-hexodilusono-1,4-lactone-(2-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-acetoxime (17), which on boiling with acetic anhydride cyclization occurred giving compound (4). On the treatment of Dehydro-L-ascorbic acid-2-phenyl hydrazone (L-threo-2,3-hexodiulosono- 1,4-lactone 2-phenylhydrazone (19) with acetic anhydride/pyridine, afforded 5,6-di-O-acetyl-3-acetoxime (20) that upon treatment with boiling acetic anhydride, afforded the triazole derivative (21). Furthermore, treatment of the monophenyl hydrazone (18) with S-benzyl hydrazine carbodithiolate in the presence of acetic acid, afforded the bis-hydrazone, L-threo-2,3-hexodilusono-1,4-lactone-3-(S-benzylhydrazinocarbodithiolate)-2-phenylhydrazone (22). Acetylation of compound (22) with acetic anhydride and pyridine did not give the di-O-acetyl derivative expected but instead, elimination of a molecule of acetic acid and partial hydrolysis of a hydrazone residue took place to give compound (23). The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed using elemental analysis and different spectral tools. Eight samples from the synthesized compounds, 2,3, 4,10.16,11,12,17 were tested for their antimicrobial activity and they showed no activities.

Organic Combustion Model for Determining Higher Heating Value: Mathematical Framework and Thermochemical Equation

Fri, 18 Jul 2025 01:38:38 +0000

Organic combustion is a classic redox reaction which uses molecular oxygen as an oxidizing agent. It pertains to two critical parameters in thermochemistry, i.e., higher heating value and heat of organic combustion. In this research, an organic combustion model which consists of two sections is established. The first section is a mathematical framework for counting theoretical higher heating value and the second section is a thermochemical equation for calculating theoretical heat of organic combustion. This research shows that based on any given empirical or structural formula of organic matter, the theoretical higher heating value can be calculated by parameters of organic matter, parameters of organic combustion, or a combination of both. The general balanced organic combustion and thermochemical mathematical equation can be deduced, and consequently the theoretical heat of organic combustion can be counted. Using this organic combustion model, the study reveals the quantitative difference between two approaches that are used for calculating theoretical higher heating value and heat of organic combustion.

Labile Iron Controllng Therapy To Prevent Cancers and Alzheimer’s Disease

Fri, 08 Aug 2025 02:04:15 +0000

It has been pointed out that so-called plasma labile iron (or NTBI = non-transferrin-bound iron) is the essential cause of many cancers and Alzheimer’s disease, but its actual properties have not been clarified. Nishida have concluded that the structure of highly toxic plasma labile iron is an oxo-bridged diiron species through the experimental results using many artificial iron chelating agents. Based on this result, he synthesized non-toxic chelating agents (SP9 and SP10) that prevent the formation of the oxo-bridged di-iron species, and found that these chelates effectively suppress the proliferation of various types of cancers, proving the correctness of his conclusion. He also obtained many related results which support that SP9 and SP10 can be applied to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, Nishida have demonstrated that some zinc ions can remove these dangerous oxo-bridged diiron species through the formation of iron deposition. Nishida have shown that his universal healthcare, so-called “Labile Iron Controllng Therapy” (LICT), which prevents cancers and Alzheimer’s disease through suppressing the formation of dangerous oxo-bridged di-iron species in the human body, can be achieved through daily diet that contain suitable zinc ions and natural lignin derivatives.

Develop Energy Production New Channels

Thu, 28 Aug 2025 02:49:27 +0000

Cement and steel production, it released a large number of CO2 (about 4.5-5 billion tons/year), serious air pollution. The making use of Carbon Gasification Reaction-CGR (CO2 + C = 2 CO - 162.4 kj/mol) to convert the CO2 into gas CO, can get 4.581- 5.09 trillion M³ CO gas, It is equivalent to 1,6 to 1,8 Billion M³ energy of natural gas, which is equivalent to the annual transportation capacity of about 30 Nord Stream No2 lines. Abundant reserves of limestone and iron ore have become raw materials for fuel production.

The Water Gas Reaction-WGR ( C+H2O=H2+CO - 118.82kj/mol) can be utilized to produce gas using green energy sources such as firewood, plastics, and rubber etc.,Due to its abundant resources, low cost and significant reduction in CO2 emissions, the author believes that this reaction can save the Earth and humanity.

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 2

Tue, 28 Oct 2025 06:41:23 +0000

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.

Reviewers for Volume 17, Number 2

Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Toros Agri-Industry, Research and Development Center, Turkey

Alemayehu Gashaw Woldegiorgis, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia

Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia

Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA

Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, The University of Jordan, Jordan

Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand

Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia

Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia

Severine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, France

Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia

Sitaram Acharya, Dallas College, USA

Vinícius Silva Pinto, Federal Institute of Goiás, Brazil

Albert John

On behalf of,

The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry

Canadian Center of Science and Education