International Education Studies, Issue: Vol.19, No.3

Endurance as Learning: Rethinking Adult Learning under Invisible Caregiving in Marriage

dechsiri.n@ku.th (Chompunuch Somboonvong) — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:27:03 +0000

This study reconceptualizes adult learning as an emotionally embedded and survival-oriented process emerging within conditions of invisible caregiving inside marriage. While adult learning theory often assumes agency, choice, and deliberate reflection, little attention has been given to learning that unfolds under sustained responsibility and constrained support. Drawing on a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this study examines the lived experiences of married women in urban Thailand who function as primary caregivers despite limited practical and emotional assistance from their spouses. Data were generated through in-depth interviews, field notes, and reflexive journaling and analyzed interpretively to illuminate processes of meaning making over time. Findings reveal that learning did not occur through discrete transformative moments but through gradual emotional regulation, adaptive endurance, and the quiet reconstruction of self-understanding. Participants developed tacit competencies in anticipatory planning, relational stabilization, and affective self-management, although such learning remained unnamed and socially unrecognized. By foregrounding caregiving as a site of experiential knowledge production, this study challenges dominant models of transformative learning and extends adult learning theory beyond contexts of autonomy and visible change. The findings call for a more context-sensitive and gender-responsive understanding of learning as it unfolds within everyday life under structural invisibility.

Strategies for Sustainable Development of Accounting Talent Training in Xi’an Private Colleges

769853514@qq.com (Li Ruirui) — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:34:33 +0000

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the current status of accounting talent training in Xi’an private colleges; 2) to provide strategies for sustainable development of accounting talent training in Xi’an private colleges; and 3) Evaluate the feasibility and adaptability of the strategies for sustainable development of accounting talent training in Xi’an private colleges. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study sampled 354 students and 108 teachers from Xi’an private colleges using the Krejcie and Morgan table and systematic random sampling. Data collection included questionnaires, 10 experts for interview, 10 experts for focus group discussion, and 5 experts for strategies evaluation, who worked more than 10 years of accounting were sampled through purposive sampling. The primary instrument used in data collection included: 1) questionnaires form, 2) interview form, 3) strategies form, and 4) evaluation form. The statistic to analyze the data were IOC index, percentages, mean, stand deviations and content analysis. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire revealed that IOC index was equal to 1.00, thereby confirming the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

The results revealed that: the current status of accounting talent training in Xi’an private colleges had four aspects: curriculum system, practical education, faculty quality, and evaluation system, at a moderate level (X=3.47, S.D.=0.75 and (X=3.46, S.D.=0.77). The strategies for sustainable development of accounting talent training include four aspects: 1) optimizing the curriculum system, 2) strengthening the practical education, 3) promoting faculty quality, 4) strategies of improving evaluation system, and 43 specific measures. Evaluation results indicate that the strategies are highly feasible (X=4.39, S.D.=0.48) and adaptable (X=4.33, S.D.=0.47).

Can LLMs Replace Human Raters? Evaluating EFL Learners’ English Summaries

makiko.kato.a1@tohoku.ac.jp (Makiko Kato) — Wed, 06 May 2026 15:28:58 +0000

This study investigates the feasibility of using Claude 3.5 Sonnet, a large language model (LLM), to evaluate English summaries written by Japanese university students, and compares its performance with that of human raters. The research is motivated by the 2024 introduction of a summarization task in the EIKEN Grade 2 exam, which has heightened the demand for effective assessment tools in English education. Traditional automatic metrics such as ROUGE and BLEU often fail to adequately capture linguistic features like paraphrasing. As an alternative, this study explores the use of LLMs for more nuanced evaluation. A total of 70 students wrote summaries of two English texts. These summaries were assessed using two analytic rubrics: one developed by Kato (2024), which includes four criteria (Integration, Language Use, Paraphrasing, and Content Accuracy) and another adapted from Li (2014), which features three criteria. Six trained human raters and Claude 3.5 Sonnet independently evaluated the student summaries. Statistical analyses, including t tests and Pearson correlations, were conducted to compare scoring patterns. Results revealed no significant differences between human and LLM scores for Language Use and Content Accuracy, although significances emerged for Integration and Paraphrasing. Strong correlations were observed for Integration, with moderate correlation for other criteria. However, Paraphrasing emerged as a particular challenge, showing discrepancies in scores and notably weak correlations depending on the sources. Despite differences in rubric structure, scores derived from the two rubrics showed high correlations, indicating consistent evaluation trends. These findings suggest that Claude 3.5 Sonnet can reliably replicate human scoring trends for several aspects of summary quality, positioning it as a promising supplementary tool for assessment. Nonetheless, further refinement is needed to enhance its capacity to evaluate paraphrasing effectively. The study highlights the need for clearer operational definitions and more robust strategies for assessing paraphrasing in automated systems.

Components and Indicators Framework for Computational Thinking Instruction: A Study of Primary School Teachers in Thailand

pacharawit05@gmail.com (Pacharawit Chansirisira) — Sat, 23 May 2026 10:20:39 +0000

This research aimed to: 1) identify the components and indicators of computational science learning management for primary school teachers, and 2) assess the appropriateness and feasibility of these components and indicators for primary school teachers under Thailand’s Office of the Basic Education Commission. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) systematic review and synthesis of relevant literature from both domestic and international sources to identify key components and indicators, and 2) expert validation of the framework’s appropriateness and feasibility. Nine computational science education experts, selected through purposive sampling, evaluated the framework using assessment forms incorporating both quantitative Likert-scale ratings and qualitative open-ended feedback. Data were analyzed using content analysis for qualitative responses and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) for quantitative ratings. The synthesis of relevant documents and research identified five components with 19 indicators: student analysis (3 indicators), computational science curriculum analysis (3 indicators), objective setting (2 indicators), computational science learning activity management (7 indicators), and measurement and evaluation (4 indicators). Expert validation demonstrated highest levels of appropriateness (X = 4.84) and feasibility (X = 4.93) across all components. However, qualitative feedback revealed significant implementation challenges including extensive teacher training requirements, resource disparities between schools, and the need for technological infrastructure support. While this study establishes strong theoretical validation for the framework, it represents initial expert validation rather than empirical testing. The findings provide a foundation for computational thinking instruction in Thai primary education, but future research must examine practical implementation in diverse classroom settings, assess real-world effectiveness, and address the implementation challenges identified by experts before the framework can be confidently recommended for system-wide adoption.

Empowering Teachers’ Learning to Enhance Students into 21st-Century Learners

belllanana1545@gmail.com (Supansa Boonphum) — Sat, 23 May 2026 10:28:41 +0000

This research endeavor is centered on creating a comprehensive online self-training program to enhance educators’ understanding of the essential characteristics of 21st Century Learners. The program is thoughtfully designed with two principal components: the first focuses on equipping teachers with the necessary skills and strategies to foster and nurture their students as 21st Century Learners effectively. In contrast, the second component provides educators with practical guidance on implementing these newly acquired skills in real classroom settings. The study employed a five-step Research and Development methodology to ensure a rigorous and systematic approach, culminating in a structured one-group pretest-posttest design. This design was executed in a randomly selected school, engaging a cohort of eight dedicated teachers and 121 diverse students who participated in the program. This research revealed that the “Online Self-Training Program for Empowering Teachers to Strengthen Their Students as 21st Century Learners” met and exceeded the established research criteria. Consequently, the program holds significant promise for broader application and implementation across schools nationwide, ultimately contributing to enhancing educational practices in alignment with the demands of the 21st Century.

Investigating Appropriate Sample Size Considerations for Conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis in EFL Studies

patsawut.s@chula.ac.th (Patsawut Sukserm) — Sun, 24 May 2026 09:15:53 +0000

In the context of EFL research, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is one of the first methods used to reveal a latent construct. However, a very significant challenge, one of the key issues in sample size determination for the analysis, continues to be a sustainable problem with the need to have clear-cut standards for attaining reliable factor structures. This gap, therefore, leads to the present study whose purpose is to investigate the optimal sample size for EFA in EFL contexts. The study employed a reading self-efficacy questionnaire with 25 items (Sukserm et al., 2023). For purposes, seven subsamples were systematically generated with the sample sizes of 125, 175, 250, 325, 375, 425, and 500 in the ratios of variable to samples of 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, and 20 participants respectively. The results showed that for stable factor loadings, high communalities and explained variance to be possible, a sample of 250 participants, or 1 variable per 10 samples, could be optimum. It would be possible to obtain equally reliable results from larger samples such as those with 325 to 500 participants, but such numbers did not seem to add much more value above the minimum.

Educational Strategies and Transmission for the Preservation of Wa Ethnic Folk Songs in Yunnan, China

wenjunliu.mu@gmail.com (Komkrich Karin) — Tue, 26 May 2026 14:46:56 +0000

This study investigates the educational strategies and transmission modalities necessary to preserve Wa ethnic folk melodies in Yunnan Province, China. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, interviews, and archival analysis, the study explores traditional and modern means of preserving Wa music history in the face of accelerating modernization and cultural globalization. Wa folk song, formerly deeply ingrained in daily life, thrived through oral transmission, communal rites, and social interaction. The study proposes a multi-layered preservation framework with three key strategies: integrating static and dynamic preservation, encouraging collaboration between local governments and communities, and utilizing modern technologies to improve intercultural dialogue. Traditional transmission techniques, such as family-based oral instruction, festival-centered performances, social communication, and traditional Wa opera, are compared to current modes, which include digital platforms, school curriculum, public festivals, and international interchange. Data show that hybrid preservation techniques that include institutional backing and grassroots engagement are the most effective at maintaining authenticity while stimulating innovation. Inclusive education offers a delicate mix between cultural preservation and adaptive modernity.

National Consciousness in English Textbooks for Primary Schools in Hong Kong SAR—A Case Study of Primary Longman Express

berylliao0302@outlook.com (Biru Liao) — Tue, 26 May 2026 14:52:34 +0000

In 2024, the Education Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) updated the Primary Education Curriculum Guide. It positions “national identity” as the top of the seven learning goals. Against this background, the presentation of national consciousness in English textbooks has emerged as a critical dimension in fostering national identity among adolescents in Hong Kong. This research draws on Zhao Dan and Shen Qi’s analytical framework of national cognition, national identity and national responsibility, combines the cultural regional classification theory of Cortazzi and Jin and Moran’s five elements of culture to examine the manifestations of national consciousness in Primary Longman Express 2ndEdition 6A, a mainstream primary English textbook in Hong Kong, through a content analysis method. The research focuses on three core dimensions: the geographical and temporal distribution of cultural presentation (national cognition), cultural identity and identity recognition in virtual language communities (national identity), and the values penetration (national responsibility). The research finds that the selected textbook exhibits the following features. In terms of cultural presentation, the content of culture forms a relatively balanced pattern, and using first-person narratives enhances students’ sense of immersion and national identity. In the construction of language community identity, Chinese English users account for 43.48%, covering multiple social roles. For values penetration, the textbook frequently conveys patriotic feelings and collectivist values. The research also points out that the textbook has room for improvement and puts forward targeted suggestions. This research expands the regional dimension of the research on national consciousness in foreign language education, providing a theoretical and empirical basis for the optimization of English textbooks in the Hong Kong SAR under “one country, two systems”.

Structural Model of School Administration Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Information Systems Through Intelligent Technology of Schools under Local Administrative Organizations

manastrongnat@gmail.com (Nattawut Manastrong) — Wed, 27 May 2026 15:31:44 +0000

This research aims to develop and validate the coherence of the structural model of school administration factors influencing the effectiveness of information systems through intelligent technology of schools under local administrative organizations. This research used the mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data. Regarding the quantitative research, in-depth interviews were performed with nine experts in order to analyze and develop a draft structural model. Subsequently, this model was used to formulate a questionnaire for qualitative research. The sample group consisted of 640 municipal school teachers who were under the local administrative organizations throughout the country. Data were gathered via distributing questionnaires through postal mail, which included a QR code for responders to access the questionnaire in Google Forms format. The gathered data were analyzed utilizing statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and structural equation modelling. The research findings revealed as follows: 1) The development of a structural equation model of school administration factors, consisting of four components: (1) School Administrators’ Leadership, (2) Teachers and Personnel Development, (3) School Management, and (4) Information Technology. In addition, the components of information systems effectiveness through intelligent technology, comprising five components: (1) Information Quality, (2) System Quality, (3) Service Quality, (4) User Intention, and (5) User Satisfaction. 2) The structural equation model of school administration factors affecting the effectiveness of information systems through intelligent technology was aligned with the empirical data, whereby the model fit statistics were as follows: Chi-Square was 120.56, with degrees of freedom (df) was 101; P-Value was 0.08976, which was greater than 0.05, indicating that it had a close fit; Relative Chi-Square (χ²/df) was 1.19; RMSEA was 0.017; GFI was 0.98; AGFI was 0.96. The external latent variable in terms of school administrators’ leadership influenced the internal latent variables, which included the effectiveness of the information systems through intelligent technology, teachers and personnel development, school management, and information technology. The variables within the model were able to explain the variance of each internal latent variable, accounting for 61.00%, 60.60%, 84.60%, and 83.00%, respectively.

A Critical Review of the Integration of Moral Education into College-Level English Instruction in China

susuyewenrou@outlook.com (Weiqing Liu) — Wed, 27 May 2026 15:36:41 +0000

In the context of China’s ongoing educational reform, Ke Cheng Si Zheng mandates the integration of moral education into all academic disciplines. This study critically examines the historical evolution of incorporating moral education into English language instruction and explores previous research on this educational reform. Moral education encompasses moral, ideological, political, and cultural dimensions in this reform, which is aimed at fostering students’ development. Although this integration has become a pivotal national strategy, prior research on its implementation in English teaching remains fragmented and under-reviewed. This study employs a qualitative approach to investigate the research on the reform from 2014 to the present. It identifies the historical development and the research on this educational reform in China, while also analyzing gaps and challenges in existing scholarly work. By synthesizing the history and research, this paper advances the understanding of Ke Cheng Si Zheng’s role in China’s foreign language planning.

Personnel Administration of Private Higher Education Institutions in Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China

sripen.pd@bru.ac.th (Sripen Poldech) — Wed, 27 May 2026 15:47:53 +0000

This study investigates the current state, desired state, and needs for personnel administration in private higher education institutions. The sample group consisted of faculty members from private higher education institutions in Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China, selected based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, totaling 381 participants. The research instrument was a checklist-type questionnaire with an IOC value ranging from 0.67 to 1.00, item discrimination power ranging from 0.66 to 0.97, and a reliability coefficient of 0.97. Statistical methods employed included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the priority index for needs. The research findings revealed that: (1) the current state of personnel administration in private higher education institutions, both overall and in every aspect, is at a moderate level, while the desired state, both overall and in every aspect, is at the highest level; and (2) the needs and directions for personnel administration in private higher education institutions, ranked from highest to lowest priority, are personnel recruitment, personnel training, performance evaluation, and compensation and benefits.

Sustainable Development Strategy of Autonomous Learning Ability of College Students in Shaanxi Province

945230821@qq.com (Li Mei) — Thu, 28 May 2026 08:40:58 +0000

The objectives of this research were 1) to investigate the current status, expected development, and influencing factors of autonomous learning ability among college students in Shaanxi Province; 2) to formulate a sustainable development strategy for the autonomous learning ability of college students in Shaanxi Province; 3) to assess the feasibility of implementing this strategy. The research sample includes 384 questionnaire respondents (college students in Shaanxi Province) and 20 interview experts, all from the higher education sector in Shaanxi Province, selected through random proportion sampling. The research tools include: 1) questionnaires; 2) interviews; 3) evaluation Form. Data analysis was conducted using percentages, means, standard deviations, and content analysis.

The research results show that: 1) the current status of autonomous learning ability among college students in Shaanxi Province is at a moderate level; 2) the sustainable development strategy for the autonomous learning ability of college students in Shaanxi Province includes five aspects: learning motivation, learning strategies, self-efficacy, learning environment, and self-regulation and control, there are 46 measures in total; 3)The adaptability and feasibility assessment results of each strategy are at a relatively high level, with the highest level being “high”.

Enhancing Chinese Language Learning Through Google Sites by Developing Effective and Engaging Online Lessons for Secondary School Students

sp.suphasa@gmail.com (Suphasa Phupunna) — Thu, 28 May 2026 08:47:12 +0000

This research aimed to design, implement, and evaluate an online Chinese language instructional module for upper secondary students in Thailand using Google Sites. The study employed a research and development (R&D) methodology and was guided by four primary objectives: (1) to develop online lessons aligned with the national core curriculum, (2) to assess instructional effectiveness using the 80/80 criterion, (3) to measure students’ proficiency gains through pre- and post-tests, and (4) to evaluate learners’ satisfaction with the learning experience.

The instructional content comprised 11 thematic units focused on real-life communication, supported by multimedia and interactive elements such as audio models, video clips, quizzes, and pronunciation tools. The module was validated by experts for content accuracy and instructional quality. A sample of 363 upper secondary school students was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using proficiency tests and a satisfaction questionnaire.

The findings demonstrated that the online lessons met the 80/80 effectiveness standard (E1 = 88.89%, E2 = 89.10%). Statistical analysis using paired sample t-tests revealed significant improvement in all four language skills, listening, speaking, reading, and writing (p < .001). Moreover, students reported a very high level of satisfaction (overall = 4.61), particularly in the areas of assessment, content design, and media integration.

The results affirm the pedagogical value of Google Sites as an effective platform for delivering structured, engaging, and accessible online language instruction. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting digital language learning in secondary education and highlights the potential for scalable and cost-effective solutions in diverse learning environments.

Development of Teachers’ Potential to Enhance Students’ Curiosity Skills

sangsuree.ting.ting@gmail.com (Phrapalad Saengsuree Yanamatee) — Thu, 28 May 2026 08:56:03 +0000

This research focused on employing the Research and Development methodology to create an educational innovation titled “Online Self-Training Program for the Development of Teachers’ Potential to Enhance Students’ Curiosity Skills.” The program is designed to benefit teachers and students within the identified target schools. The initiative comprises two primary projects: 1) A development project featuring seven self-training modules to enhance teachers’ learning. 2) A project that assists teachers in applying learning outcomes to student development, which includes a self-training module dedicated to the practical implementation of acquired knowledge. This innovation was developed through four research phases, culminating in experimental research. In the first project, after development scores from 15 teachers in the experimental group reached the target standard of 90/90, demonstrating significant improvement over their before-development scores. Similarly, in the second project, the after-development scores of 70 students exhibited notable advancements compared to their before-development scores. The research findings aligned well with the initial hypotheses, confirming the effectiveness of the educational innovation. Therefore, it is expected to substantially benefit teachers and students at Phrapariyatthamma Schools under the National Office of Buddhism and positively impact a broader population.

Development of Effectiveness Indicators and Administrative Strategies for Branches of Guangxi Open University

winiranee.tn@bru.ac.th (Winiranee Thasanathep) — Thu, 28 May 2026 09:03:54 +0000

The research objectives of this study were 1) to develop effectiveness indicators for the Branches of Guangxi Open University 2) to test the consistency of the structural relationship model of effectiveness indicators for the Branches of Guangxi Open University and 3) to develop administrative strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the Branches of Guangxi Open University. This research used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research. The research was conducted in three phases: Phase 1 involved identifying the key factors of administrative effectiveness through a literature review. Key indicators were refined through a focus group discussion with best practice university, Guizhou Open University. Phase 2 tested the consistency between the structural relationship model and empirical data. The sample consisted of 234 administrators and lecturers from 13 branches of Guangxi Open University. This research used muti-stage sampling, and the reliability of the questionnaire, which is one of the research instruments, is 0.980. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Phase 3 developed strategies to enhance the administrative effectiveness of the branches, based on the results of Phase 2. The sample group consists of 3 stakeholders from Guangxi Open University by using purposive sampling, and the interview instrument is semi-structured Interview. Besides, the evaluation of the appropriateness of the strategy was evaluated by experts.

The findings could be summarized as follows: 1) Seven factors identified as influencing the administrative effectiveness of the branches: Human Resource Management, Regulatory Compliance and Governance System, Organizational Structure, Financial Management, Strategic Planning, Administrative Leadership, and Technological Integration in University Administration. These encompassed 27 specific indicators. 2) The structural relationship model for effectiveness indicators demonstrated a high level of consistency with empirical data. Fit indices included a Chi-square value of 175.16, degrees of freedom (df) of 148, a P-value of 0.063, and an RMSEA value of 0.028. 3) The proposed 18 strategies were highly rated for accuracy, propriety, and utility, with feasibility rated as high.

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Education Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3

ies@ccsenet.org (Chris Lee) — Thu, 28 May 2026 09:20:14 +0000

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Education Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2026.