Evaluation of Vocational Services Provided to Jordanian Disabled People According to International Standers

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the vocational rehabilitation services provided to people with disabilities according to international standards in Jordan. The sample of the study consisted of (56) managers and teachers in four specialized centers in vocational rehabilitation. The findings showed that the compatibility degree ranged between high and average levels, as findings show that the evaluation is high in center’s philosophy, center’s aims for vocational rehabilitation and training domains. Moreover, the evaluation was in an average level in assessment and diagnosis, vocational guidance and safety and security measures, interacting with local community, vocational rehabilitation staff and procedures as well as general activities. Meanwhile, the performance was low in shelter workshops and follow up domains. The findings show that the means are low regarding to visual impairment center on center’s philosophy, assessment and diagnosis, shelter workshops and follow up domains while, there were no differences in the other domains attributed to disability type.


Introduction
The governments and organizations of disabled realized the importance of taking care of disabled people in the society as well as focusing on the strength sides of this category of people in order to ensure a stable life for them.One of the aspects of this interest is the rehabilitation in all forms (medical, psychological, academic and vocational).Rehabilitation in its general sense means the development of the disabled person abilities to be independent, productive and adaptive.Moreover, it includes helping disabled people to overcome the negative effects of the disability as well as the psychological effects of this situation.Hamilton (1950) stated that rehabilitation is a process aiming to evaluate the positive abilities for the disabled person and developing it for his benefit (Jade & Martz, 2010).
Providing disabled people with rehabilitation services has many advantages such as providing them with employment opportunities through training, integrating them in the community and achieving functional and body skills needed for independent life.Due to the importance of this concept many studies have been conducted to determine international quality standards in the vocational rehabilitation of disabled people (Dalal, Pande, Dhawan, & Dwijendra, 2000).
The aim of this study is to explore the vocational rehabilitation services provided for disabled people in Jordan as well as its compatibility with international standards.The analytical descriptive approach will be used to answer the questions of the study.This study will deal with three domains, the concepts of rehabilitation, rehabilitating disabled people according to international standards in Jordan and its compatibility with international standards.
The need for rehabilitating disabled people had increased after the world's first and second wars as those wars caused many disabilities for a lot of people who needed training and qualification to achieve self independence (O'Reilly, 2003).The philosophy of vocational rehabilitation focuses on the disabled person as a human being that deserves to live independently with dignity and respect.Therefore, the disabled must be moved from depending on others to live independently and being accepted socially.Moreover, he must enjoy his social, human and employment rights as any other person (Al-Zomoot, 2011).
regarding the standards of the vocational rehabilitation of disabled people to follow up with the international efforts in this field (Kishno, 2007).
The existence of international standard adopted by organizations confirms the importance of vocational rehabilitation of disabled people in a systematic order according to sequenced processes.Robin and Roessler (2011) mentioned that the procedures of vocational rehabilitation centers includes a set of standards that forms the main engine for all procedural steps carried out by the teams and the specialists.

Problem of the Study
The vocational rehabilitation centers for persons with disabilities is an important aspect to support people with disability in vocational, so that it is important to apply international standards for vocational rehabilitation.The researcher is aware that there are deficiencies in the application of international standards in vocational rehabilitation.This study seeks to identify weaknesses in the application in order to improve vocational rehabilitation services in centers to people with disabled.
The current study is seeking to answer the following questions: 1) What is the degree of applicability of international vocational rehabilitation standards on Jordanian vocational rehabilitation centers?
2) Are there any significant statistical differences at the level of (α < 0.05) in the degree of applicability of international vocational rehabilitation standards on Jordanian vocational rehabilitation centers according to the difference in disability type ( mental, hearing and visual) disability in Jordan?

Significance of the Study
The importance of this study emerges from dealing with an important issue about disabled people in Jordan which is the vocational rehabilitation.Moreover, the study contributes in determining the steps and procedures of those centers and benefits the responsible people in those centers by increasing their knowledge with international standards of vocational rehabilitation in order to increase the effectiveness of Jordanian centers.The study also contributes to deviate procedures currently in vocational rehabilitation to identify weaknesses in centers to improve service delivery in the field of vocational rehabilitation.

a) Definition of vocational rehabilitation:
It is the process of providing training in a specific trade with the aim of gaining employment rehabilitation-the restoration of someone to a useful place in society (ALO, Recommendation 99, 1955).
The aim of vocational rehabilitation of disabled people is to enable them from using their mental, social and physical abilities and this requires a comprehensive plan within a team of multi-speculated fields (Rubin & Roessler, 2001).However, despite the differences in the definitions of this concept it has common elements such as: 1) The disability which prevent the disabled person from living independently.
2) It is a kind of medical, psychological, social and educational rehabilitation.
3) The general aim of vocational rehabilitation is helping the disabled person to regain his abilities in order to keep living in his society.
4) The processes are benefiting both individuals and communities.
5) It is a process of sequenced integrated and systematic procedures.

b) Importance of work for disabled people:
The disabled person is just as any normal person wishes to work and desires a work opportunity in community.He/she capable of accomplishing a lot, Therefore, the importance of work for him/ her represented in: Providing the main requirements of life: through work, so he/she can starts a family and enjoy independence (Larsoon & Gard, 2003).

c) Vocational Rehabilitation of disabled people in Jordan:
Though the rehabilitation of disabled people starts in 1939 in Jordan since the establishment of blinds' school in Jerusalem, the real and organized services are still new.This development starts with the efforts of voluntary organizations then public ones.Therefore, the development in special education was a combined effort between voluntary and public sectors.
With regard to the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled people it starts in the 1906s as there were (3) centers specialized in this kind of rehabilitation, one of them is holy lands organization for the deaf (1964) followed by the Swedish organization for individual relief (1968).In the 1970s there were nine centers such as, Vocational and employment center in Rusyfa, Muslim youth center, Saudi center for blind and Al-Hussein center for mobility disabilities.The number of centers increase to (13) centers such as Nazek Al-hariri for mental disability, Vocational and employment center in Irbid.While, the 1990s witnesses a dramatic increase as the centers tootled (23) all over the country (Ministry of social affairshttp://www.mosd.gov.jo/).

d) Vocational Rehabilitation standards of Disabled People
The vocational rehabilitation standards are a set of practical and organizational procedures organizing the vocational rehabilitation of people with disabilities; those procedures are consistent with the recommendations and conventions issued by the international labor organization and the Arab labor organization.
There are many studies in the field of vocational rehabilitation such as Homa (2004) which aimed to investigate the characteristics of the people who are lucky in receiving vocational assessment services.The findings showed that visual and hearing disabilities are less luck than motor disability and severe disabilities are less lucky than medium and low disabilities.Beveridge and Fabiary (2007) studied the relationship between the goals of individual vocational training plan and functional outcome of the program.The findings showed that achieving job satisfaction of the disabled person gives a higher degree of effectiveness for the vocational training program and this gives him a greater opportunity in finding the suitable job.Boutain (2006) studied the outcomes of the Vocational Rehabilitation program for people with hearing loss.Specifically, the study explored the effectiveness of the VR program on consumers who are deaf and hard of hearing with regard to amount of public assistance.The findings showed Significant differences were found indicating relationships between (a) public assistance, degree of hearing loss, and the reception of college and university training, (b) VR services and competitive employment, (c) type of occupation and degree of hearing loss, (d) earnings, degree of hearing loss, and the reception of college and university training, (e) number of hours worked, degree of hearing loss, and the reception of college and university training, (f) previous collegiate experience and competitive employment, and (g) secondary disabilities and competitive employment.Implications for practitioners and rehabilitation counselor educators are included.Hein (2005) investigated the views of clients regarding vocational rehabilitation programs.The findings showed that the most important procedures that must be done to achieve satisfaction are listening to the client and understanding job conditions as well as honesty and respect.Diee (2008) Build a Model for the International Vocational Rehabilitation Standards and the Range of Applying it on the Vocational Rehabilitation Centers at Kuwait State.In order to achieve this purpose, reviewing and analyzing the International recommendations and agreements have been, which are related to the disabled persons in general, in addition to those related to the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled persons in particular.In addition to the theoretical Literature in this field, the study results showed the Degree of applying the international Standards of the vocational rehabilitation for the disabled persons in two centers of vocational rehabilitation in Kuwait to be in a lower level.

Methodology
Descriptive Methodology used to describe the vocational rehabilitation services to disabled people according to international standers.The population of the study consisted of managers and teachers working in public and private vocational rehabilitation disabled centers in Jordan.The sample of the study consisted of (56) managers and teachers working in four centers in Jordan (36 females and 20 males).The researcher used (Al- Diee, 2008) scale as he developed an international standards scale for disabled people rehabilitation after reviewing the related literature and the international labor organization recommendation.The tool is scaled according to five-likert scale as follows: 4 = Applied in a high degree.3 = Applied in an average degree.2 = Applied in a low degree.

Reliability and Validity
Validity was established through content validity, the instrument was standardized on the response of a experts group (n=5) in Educational faculty at Jordan university.Raters gave their comments on the scale.Meanwhile, reliability of the instrument was determined through a pilot study; sample of 50 respondents from of the study population.The results were as follows: The results of reliability show that it's range (0.80-0.96) by test Retest, and (0.62-0.95) on Cronbach alpha.

Results
What is the degree of applicability of international vocational rehabilitation standards on Jordanian vocational rehabilitation centers?
To answer this questions means were calculated according to the following criteria: Means less than (2) refer to low applicability degree.
Means more than (3) refer to high applicability degree.The findings showed that the applicability degree is ranged between high average and low.The findings indicated that the applicability is high in center's philosophy for vocational rehabilitation domains, while it is in an average level in assessment and diagnosis, Work and employment, vocational rehabilitation staff, Interacting with local community and procedures and general activities domains meanwhile, it was low in shelter workshops and follow up domains.The center adopts a clear written philosophy for the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled 3.54 0.63 High The center sets out in providing vocational rehabilitation of the disabled from the public social responsibility 3.46 0.74 High The center believes that the main role is transforming disabled from dependence to self-dependence as possible 3.64 0.67 High The center observes all the rights of the disabled regardless gender or disability 3.43 0.83 High The center provides vocational rehabilitation free for all disability categories 3.75 0.51 High The center adopts a clear definition for vocational rehabilitation of disabled extracted from international standards 3.21 0.91 High Table 4 shows that the means ranged from (3.21-3.75)as the highest mean was for the item provided that (The center provides vocational rehabilitation free for all disability categories) and the lowest was for (The center adopts a clear definition for vocational rehabilitation of disabled extracted from international standards).In general, the total mean was (3.51) showing a high applicability degree.The center uses tests and multiple scales (psychological, social, and educational) to assess, diagnose and determine the eligibility of a disabled person.

1.06 High
The disabled is required to provide his school records or any other information regarding work experiences 3.50 0.87 High Table 6 showed that the means ranged between (2.64-3.50)as the highest mean was for (The disabled is required to provide his school records or any other information regarding work experiences) while, the lowest mean was for (The center conducts psychological tests for the disabled to ensure his fitness for work).In general, the total mean was (2.85) showing an average applicability degree.The vocational rehabilitation specialist Determines appropriate profession based on the information that has been collected for a disabled person 3.29 0.85 High The vocational rehabilitation specialist prepared an individual plan based on the information that has been collected for the disabled person 2.79 1.09 Average Table 7 showed that the means ranged between (2.89-3.46)as the highest means was for (Vocational rehabilitation specialist makes sure that the disabled person had a medical examination before the implementation of any professional guidance to him) while, the lowest was for (The vocational rehabilitation specialist prepared an individual plan based on the information that has been collected for the disabled person).
In general, the total mean was (3.20) showing a high applicability degree.12 showed that the means of this domain ranged between (2.96-3.43)as the highest mean was for (There are fire alarming devices) while, the lowest was for (The Center and its services places are away from the congestion of population).In general, the total mean of this domain is (3.23) showing high applicability degree There are sufficient numbers of qualified employees in the center 3.00 1.11 High The center has specialized employees in many fields to ensure the comprehensive vocational rehabilitation 3.14 0.88 High The services are provided through co-operative team within many fields (medical, social, psychological, special education and vocational rehabilitation) 2.86 1.03 Average The center provides financial and moral support for the employees 2.82 1.18 Average The administration trains the employees in specialized fields to cope with the developments in disabled people vocational rehabilitation 2.57 1.06 Average The center forms working committees including employees, disabled people, employers and families 2.32 1.11 Average Table 13 showed that the means of this domain ranged between (2.32-3.14)as the highest mean was for (The center has specialized employees in many fields to ensure the comprehensive vocational rehabilitation) while, the lowest was for (The center forms working committees including employees, disabled people, employers and families).In general, the total mean of this domain is (2.79) showing an average applicability degree.The center holds seminars and conferences for vocational rehabilitation to educate members of the community in this field 2.93 1.14 Average The center cooperate with the institutions of the local community by announcing its services with the aim of raising the level of awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities and the possibility of rehabilitation professionally 3.07 1.01 High The center encourages volunteer efforts (individual and institutional) and estimated it highly 3.04 1.06 High The center pursuit's development plans of community and qualifies people with disabilities professionally in the same direction of these plans 2.46 1.09 Average The center contributes in collaboration with persons with disabilities and their families, employers and organizations of persons with disabilities to propose legislations for vocational rehabilitation 2.50 1.19 Average The center collaborates with persons with disabilities and their families, employers and organizations of persons with disabilities in identifying trends and priorities and to participate in the planning, implementation and evaluation of vocational rehabilitation services 2.46 1.13 Average The center provides advisory services and technical services of relevant vocational rehabilitation for people with disabilities in the local community 2.75 1.03 Average The center starts reciprocal and cooperative relations with vocational rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities other existing locally, regionally and internationally 2.75 1.10 Average The center starts cooperative relationships with educational institutions at all levels and in the community, regional and international levels 2.96 1.44 Average The Center contributes to the organization of vocational rehabilitation programs, especially for the disabled persons in the home 1.87 1.62 Low Table 14 showed that the means of this domain ranged between (1.87-3.07)as the highest mean was for (The center cooperate with the institutions of the local community by announcing its services with the aim of raising the level of awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities and the possibility of rehabilitation professionally) while, the lowest was for (The Center contributes to the organization of vocational rehabilitation programs, especially for the disabled persons in the home).In general, the total mean of this domain is (2.70) showing an average applicability degree.The center offers financial assistance for people with disabilities through joining the center 3.11 1.02 High The center provides free transportation service to and from the center for disabled people 3.07 1.20 High The center contributes in protecting the disabled person from losing and aids or social assistance obtained from other parties when joining the center 3.00 1.01 High The center follow and apply rules and recommendations of international organizations and private vocational rehabilitation for people with disabilities 2.96 1.09 Average The center reviews the policies of vocational rehabilitation for people with disabilities periodically.2.89 1.02 Average The Center contributes to the training of people with disabilities on skills to enable them to defend their professional issues 2.57 0.91 Average The center provides some recreational activities and entertainment for disabled people 3.21 0.87 High Table 15 showed that the means of this domain ranged between (2.32-3.21)as the highest mean was for (The center provides some recreational activities and entertainment for disabled people) while, the lowest was for (The center conducts research and studies to evaluate and improve vocational rehabilitation services for people with disabilities in general).In general, the total mean of this domain is (2.88) showing an average applicability degree.16 showed that the performance differences according to disability category was low for visual disability on center's philosophy for vocational rehabilitation, assessment and diagnosis, Vocational guidance and follow up domains.Meanwhile, there were no differences in the other domains.The findings showed that the means on vocational rehabilitation staff domain were better on visual disability than hearing disability.Further, the performance means of procedures and general activities domain were better for hearing disability than visual disability.

Discussion
The findings the applicability degree of the standards ranged between high, average and low.The findings showed that the evaluation is high in center's philosophy, center's aims for vocational rehabilitation and training domains.This can be attributed to the administrative procedures related to the philosophy and aims of the center that must be approved before starting work by the ministry of social development in Jordan.Moreover, the management of the center tries to achieve the goals through its activities.Moreover, the nature of the samples Reponses (trainers) may lead to a high degree of applicability in the rehabilitation domains.
Moreover, the evaluation was in an average level in assessment and diagnosis, vocational guidance and safety and security measures, interacting with local community, vocational rehabilitation staff and procedures as well as general activities while, the performance was low in shelter work domain.It is clear that the centers suffer from weakness in the comprehensive assessment in all fields as this assessment is the approach to the vocational rehabilitation for the disabled.Mostly, centers use an interview as there are some strength points to assess the case.
In the field of vocational guidance there is a strength point that the center takes into consideration the desire of the disabled person to work according to his disability limits.However, some trainers show weakness in identifying the suitable jobs available in the labor market as well as the new developments in this field.Moreover, vocational rehabilitation centers train disabled people far from normal people since they are specialized in working with disabled people and this reduces the integration principles of the disabled.
In the field of employment, there is a shortage in linking disabled people with civil services bureau to facilitate their employment.Moreover, the center doesn't follow up the extent of organizations' commitment to employ 4% of disabled people.The findings showed that the follow up still weak and this can be explained that those centers focus on training in service and don't follow up with trainees after being employed or even checks their satisfaction about their jobs.There are no follow up for their rights or safety measures even the buildings designs and the availability of safety equipment are not observed by those centers.Another risky indicator is that those centers are existed in heavily populated areas and this confuses the movement of disabled people.
The findings showed that the rate of trainees to trainers is acceptable as there are (6) trainees for each trainer.Each center has specialists in many fields working cooperatively.However, the teams need more cooperation and harmony since their cooperation in an average level and this can be due to the weak management or the lack of training courses, this can be attributed to the management style the depends on the ministry's training courses.All this reduces the interaction with the family especially if we know that families have their own responsibilities, lack of education and the economical problems of families.
With regard to the interaction of vocational rehabilitation centers the findings showed that it is in an average level in educating people about disability and a low level in the field of rights and laws since the centers do nothing in this field.There is no communication between centers so there is no experiences exchange.Another problem is the shortage in keeping with movement disabilities so this type of disability has no suitable consideration.
With regard to procedures and general activities, findings show that the degree of applicability is in an average level and this is due to the weakness of staff procedures and steps of scientific research, also signals the results to the weak position in the application of the provisions and recommendations of the organizations because of poor follow-up staff of administrative and technical items and international updates.However, the results indicated high index applicable in respect of the financial aid they are backed by the state, most center offering a sum of money to the trainees for training, and that the centers provide services free transportation to and from the center, but this service is available for females but not for males, and this is a burden on the family a disabled male, because it will be a transfer to and from the center every day.
With regard to the second question the findings showed that the means are low for the visual disability on center's philosophy for vocational rehabilitation, assessment and diagnosis, Vocational guidance and follow up domains.Meanwhile, there were no differences in the other domains.The findings showed that the means on vocational rehabilitation staff domain were better on visual disability than hearing disability.Further, the performance means of procedures and general activities domain were better for hearing disability than visual disability.This may be referred to the nature of the disability that needs more attention than other disabilities.
The results of this study is similar to (Homa, 2004) which indicate that the vocational rehabilitation services is less than other impairments, and the results of this study is similar to (Diee, 2008) which indicate that the international vocational criteria is low in Kuwait.Also some parts of results of study similar to Beveridge and Fabiary (2007) which showed that achieving job satisfaction of the disabled person gives a higher degree of effectiveness for the vocational training program.

Conclusion
The results of this study show that the managers who work with disabled should plan future strategies and to achieve shelter work for disabled people this because of deficient in this area.Also the vocational rehabilitation centers should follow up with disabled people after training, and Conducting programmed meetings with their families to obtain feedback about qualifying and training disabled in this field.In addition, the vocational rehabilitation centers of disabled people should Reviewing the most recent standards as well as international conventions regarding professional qualification.Do more studies in the field of vocational rehabilitation centers.Also this study suggest to adapting the international standards for the vocational rehabilitation centers for the disabled by the Ministry of Social Development in Jordan and providing qualified personnel and specialized in the field of vocational rehabilitation and the provision of educational and training programs.Finally, the rehabilitation vocational centers should Apply standards of safety and security and Conduct a field study to reveal the extent of suitable buildings and work centers for people with disabilities and ways to adapt building.

Table 1 .
Domains and items of the scale

Table 2 .
Pearson coefficients and Cronbach's alpha coefficients

Table 3 .
Reponses means for the degree of applicability of international vocational rehabilitation standards on Jordanian vocational rehabilitation centers

Table 4 .
Mean and standard deviations for center's philosophy domain

Table 5 .
Mean and standard deviations for center's goals domain

Table 5
shows that the means ranged between (2.04-3.61)as the highest mean was for item (Training disabled people on jobs fitting their status) and the lowest was for (Providing shelter work for disabled people).In general, the total mean was (3.06) showing a high applicability degree.

Table 6 .
Mean and standard deviations for assessment and diagnosis domain

Table 7 .
Mean and standard deviations for vocational guidance domain

Table 8 .
Mean and standard deviations for vocational training domain

Table 8
shows that the means of this domain ranged between (2.64-3.50)as the highest mean was for (The center provides a suitable environment for the training of disabled persons professionally, so that such an environment can be supportive of their individual needs) while, the lowest mean was for (The center contributes to the training of people with disabilities professionally with normal people).In general, the total mean of this domain is (3.21) showing a high applicability degree.Table11showed that the means of this domain ranged between (1.75-2.71)as the highest mean was for (The center contributes in providing in-service training for the disabled person when needed) while, the lowest was for (The Center follows up over the receipt of a disabled person for all of his rights after the being employed).In general, the total mean of this domain is (1.92) showing low applicability degree.
Table10showed that the means of this domain ranged between (1.68-2.36)as the highest mean was for (The center provides vocational rehabilitation for multi-disabled people and severe disabilities) while, the lowest was for (The center provides shelter workshops for disabled people who can't go to work).In general, the total mean of this domain is (1.62) showing low applicability degree.

Table 12 .
Mean and standard deviations for safety and security procedures domain

Table 13 .
Mean and standard deviations for vocational training staff domain

Table 14 .
Mean and standard Deviations for interacting with local community domain

Table 15 .
Mean and standard deviations for general activities procedures domain

Table 16 .
Means, standard deviation and ANOVA values for disability category variable