A Brief Discussion on the News Media of Modern Korea

The relationship between the ancient and modern China with the Korean Peninsula can be summed up using the term "fed by the same river", meaning neighbours separated by only a strip of water. Especially with the efforts of both China and Korea, the ancient East Asia region has created a splendid culture and has been the leaders in the world for a long period of time. However, by the end of the 19th century, the Japanese imperialist forces had always tried to 'Conquer the Korean Peninsula,' and, in 1910, the Korean Peninsula finally became a Japanese colony. After entering the modern era, one of the phenomenas manifested in the information flow in East Asia is the rapid development of media in China and Japan due to the increase in newspapers and magazines issued by the West. 190 years ago, Chosun Dynasty under the Lee Family had continuously initiated the modernization movement in the Korean Peninsula, through introducing modernization productions from the West, the Qing Dynasty and Japan. In the modernization process, the opposition between "ethnography" and "proJapanese Korean" have resulted social conflicts.

the "Korea-Japan Merger Treaty5 ."After the signing of this treaty, the Korean peninsula was deposed as a colony of Japanese imperialism.
In the Lee's Chosun Dynasty, the "Morning Newspaper" played the role of a modern newspaper.According to the Professor Kim Yeung-soo of Kyungnam University in South Korea, the profit-making printed version of "Morning Newspaper" in 1577 was 70 years earlier than the world's earliest published German newspaper.During this period, the "Morning Newspaper" was an official communique that was used to introduce administrative services.It was confined to read by central and local authorities, and the content was also partially public.
In April 2017, Master of Longhua Temple in South Gyeongsang Province in South Korea owns a printed "Morning Newspaper" issued in mid-November 1577.On the fifth page of the newspaper, there are many interesting news stories, one of which is reported as following: "A bovine plague occurred in Hanyang.More than 600 cattle died on the roadside.The people were crying out and the scene was unbearable.(November 15th,  1577) The plague came from the process of transporting ice cubes, an infectious disease similar to foot-and-mouth disease occurred, and a large number of cattle got a plague (November, "Morning Newspaper", date not clear).
The "Morning Newspaper" also reported in the report: "If you continue to be forced in imprisonment, you will only make the grievances of the people getting louder and harder, and eventually impossible to calm down."In addition, for this unusual climate, the court ministers have turned in their resignations in order to get forgiveness and have been rejected by the King.At the same time, the monarch blamed the disaster for their own misfortune.
In addition, in the report, criticized the soldiers for riding a luxury sedan chair."As a general of a country, it was supposed to lead troops to fight on horseback, but they would sit in a comfortable sedan chair, and if there was a war doubt they could protect the country."The "Morning Newspaper" not only publishes various regions and officials' reports, but also a monarch's sin.According to a professor Kim Youngjoo from Gyeongnam University, the "Morning Newspaper" nakedly exposed social politics and folk remnants.Nothing was inferior to today's public opinion.
However, 100 days earlier, starting in August, the unemployed intellectuals in Seoul (used to be "Hanyang") received permission from the government6 and began to subscribe for printing and distribution.According to the record of Li Yee7 (1536~1584) "Suk Dam Diary8 ": "Most of the readers of the newspaper are very satisfied." On November 28th, 1577, King Seonjo of the 14th King of the Chosun Dynasty was infuriated about this incident.After hearing the news, the King Seonjo was furious and immediately commanded "arrestment," that is, arrest all the people involved in privately printed and sold "Morning Newspaper".The 30 individuals involved in the issuance of the "Morning Newspaper" have suffered severe tortures.The secretary of the Constitutional Act9 cannot wait to beg the King Seonjo: "They did not commit crimes on purpose.They just wanted to earn a subscription fee."However, Seonjo's anger has not disappeared and he had eventually ordered to expel them to exile.Then the "Morning Newspaper" continued for only more than 100 days.Under the crackdown of public opinion, it was forced to suspend publication.10

The Birth of Modern Newspapers
After the 19th century, one of the phenomena manifested in East Asian information circulation is the increase of newspapers and magazines issued by westerners and the emerge of modern media influenced by the China and Japan.
During the Chosun Dynasty, Chosun sent the envoys to Qing and Japanese Island to adopt the issuance of newspapers.After the signing of the Ganghwa Island Treaty (1876), it was the Japanese who opened the port first.The Japanese people living in Busan issued the Japanese version of the "Korean News Daily" in 1881.With the introduction of these new information in the Korean society, the understanding and concern of the intellectuals in modern Korea for modern newspapers has been further deepened. 11e world press begins to move toward the commercial newspaper stage.Western capitalist countries developed by leaps and bounds.With the expansion of the world, Western colonists not only carried their national newspapers into the colonial countries, but also established newspapers with the sovereign power within the colonies.
The "Hangsung Report" is the earliest modern newspaper in the history of the Korean Peninsula.Founded on October 31, 1883, it is under the charge of the Bowen Bureau, which belongs to the Chosun dynasty.The paper was actually initiated by the Korean government after accepting the suggestion of the Kailash Party12 person Park Yong-hyo (1861-1939) that it actually took over the paper but it was a moderately liberalized school.(Kim  min su, 1978)   Park Yong-hyo is the first person in the modern history of Korea to advance the press.In 1882, in order to calm down the chaos, he traveled to Japan as a "Plenipotentiary Minister and a messenger". 13There are a total of 14 people in this group including Park Yong-hyo, Deputy Governor Kim Sang-sik (1834-1900), Officer Soo GuangHuan (1859-97) and Jin Yujun (1854-1894).
At the time, after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, he witnessed a great change.Among them, the vigorous development of the Japanese newspaper industry has been deeply inspired.On January 6, 1883, he resigned and returned to the Korean peninsula.Subsequently, on the following February 6th, he was appointed as "Hangsung Officer14 " (equivalent to the current Seoul Mayor)."From February 28th, he was responsible for the newspaper publishing business15 .After Hangsung government took over the newspaper publishing business, Park Young-hyo appointed Yu Giljun (1856~1914) to manage other things 16 .
When Yu Giljun (1856-1914) was studying in Japan, he was deeply influenced by modern knowledge and was an intellectual of Kaifa Party.In 1881, he took part in the "Academic Visit" for the entourage of Eu Yoonjeng (1848∼1896), and Yoon Qiho (1865∼1945) studied at Keio University, founded by Fukuzawa Yuki, Japan17 .(Zheng Jinxi, 2013)   After the military outbreak in 1882, Yu Giljun received an invitation from the Korean Peninsula (1860-1914) to go back to the Korean Peninsula and devote himself to the Korean civilization movement.He worked with "Niu Chang Zhuo Zao", "Takahashi Masaru", and "Inoue Kazuo", etc. to prepare for newspaper publication.The three editors were recommended by Fukuzawa Yuki and personally recruited from Japan by Park Yong-hyo18 .
Lee's Chosun Dynasty established the agency that took charge of compiling and printing newspapers and magazines in Seoul in 1883, and published the first modern newspaper "Hansung Report" in October 30th the same year.The "Hansung Report" was issued three times a month using movable printing machines imported from Japan.It was the official newspaper written in soft Chinese.
Its nature is similar to that of China's Qing Dynasty official newspaper.There are five editors of modern news newspapers published by the government, including a Japanese man, Inoue Kokuro, who translate news from foreign newspapers into Chinese.Editors' reticence and reconciliation is a newspaper that must be read by intellectuals.
The content is about domestic situation in Korean peninsula such as price trends, social news, foreign news, comments, etc., especially the geography, science, politics, and culture of Western countries were involved.However, on December 6, 1884, the "Hangsung Report" facilities were destroyed by mobs because of its involvement in the Openness Party, after being told that it had involved in the "Gapsin Coup."The Publication Bureau ("PakMun Gook") was destroyed and the "Hansung Report" had to be suspended.Although the issuance period is short, and the official leads the use of Chinese boundaries, the "Hansung Report" is basically a condition for modern newspapers and was recognized as the earliest modern news newspaper on the Korean ass.ccsenet.is the ns for the establishment of a modern nation.The Civilization Party's concern for civil rights was more limited than at the time.Therefore, Civilization Party put principle of the education on the people's equality, they emphasized enlightenment of the people through education23 .(Jo min, 1988) This is the basis for the modern national awareness, or the basis of national identity.
This kind of concern for education is different from that of "Dongdao Xiqi Party" that only cares about the physical advancement.The Civilization Party also admitted that people's nation cannot be achieved without wealth and strong army.However, their point is that if country has no rise of modern people's nation, it should be the education system for people that should be practiced to achieve modernization.
When the great powers invaded Asia reached its climax, people did not surrender but instead held the banner of independence up high.The "Royal News" is a kind of folk newspaper issued during the Chosun Dynasty period.
It uses Chinese as a main language, but still mixed Korean and Chinese characters.The newspaper was founded on September 5, 1898, and was suspended for publication on September 15, 1910.Famous members include Ji Yeon Chang, Eun Sik Park, and Uk Nangong.The reader of the "Royal News" is mainly composed of two groups, one is targeting Confucianism, etc., and the other for the general public, which in contrast is written pure Korean "Independent News" and "Imperial News".
The "Royal News" and the "Korea Daily News" can be regarded as the duo media of Korean public opinion during the period of the patriotic Enlightenment.These newspapers have actively promoted modern civilization to promote nationalism.However, at the same time, it also retains traditional values, especially the enthusiasm for the inheritance of practical learning, and it is somewhat conservative as a position of enlightenment.
At the same time, "Royal News", another famous patriotic newspaper, after the signing of the 1905 "Eulsa Treaty."Ji Yeon Chang published in the paper titled "Crying out loudly in the morning" and thus cease publication for more than 80 days.
However, the newspaper is generally relatively gentle and opposed the Japanese movement.After the Korean Empire has fallen in 1910, it was renamed "Hansung News" and no longer ceased publication due to financial difficulties.

World Recognition and National Subjectivity
Before the mid-nineteenth century, the Qing-Chosun tributary relationship to a large extent took the form of rituals such as "tribute" and "proclaiming the Heir" and thus appeared loose.The tributary system is a political system characterized by tribute which exists between Qing dynasty and most of its neighboring dynasties.This system will inevitably move to disintegration as Western countries expand their influences into Asia.
In the 19th century, the international order in Asia was divided into two types: one was the tributary system and the other was the feudal state relations.After the founding of the Qing dynasty, through the use of force to conquer and inherit the relationship of the Ming dynasty, the Qing had become the suzerain state and established seven vassal states and formed the East Asia "HuaYi" Order."The other is the colonial system, which was due to the mad expansion of the great powers in the mid-19th century.With their expansion, most Asian countries have become colonies and semi-colonies.The capitalist powers established a colonial relationship in Asia.There is a fundamental difference between the tributary system and the colonial system.The former is the feudal attachment of monarchs and the latter is the relationship between occupation and being occupied, enslavement and being enslaved, exploitation and being exploited.
Daeyong Hong (1731-1783), Jega Park (1750-1805), and Yakyong Jeong (1762-1836) criticized the scholars of the Chosun Dynasty for the Chinese world order and the perspective of world.Daeyong Hong proposed a new perspective that oppose to the Chinese view of the world.Chinese view was that all parts of the world may become the center of the world.In particular, Jiwon Park (1737-1805) criticized that "If it is in the interests of the common people, it is in the interest of the country," and criticized that the "Chinese" would fall, and also criticizing as "Little China" and "Little Chinaism".
The scholars mentioned above are overwhelming the world view of science over the traditional world view, and it has a broad meaning that it is the challenge to the view of "Huayi."This phenomenon of China is a reality for China's neighboring nations.By breaking this view of the world to achieve national self-esteem, in order to explore the way of national self-survival.
Therefore, the "Hangsung Report" started to publish the "Huayi" world view with the content of "Theory of the Earth " from the first issue, which meant that it was separated from the view of "center of the world is China."In particular, through the contents of "World Geography" such as "Earth Graphic," "Continents and Oceans" and "Full Earth Map," it overcomes the difficulties of traditional world views at that time and Chosun's intellectuals in also strive to overcome the worldview of Orthodox Confucianism.
In addition, the "Hansung Report" ruled out the Qing dynasty, but it used Chosun's founding year and also revealed news reports of the Qing riots represented by Yuan Shikai.Such reports from "Hansung Report" will trigger the conservatives and diplomatic friction and pressure with the Qing Dynasty, and from the 4th edition implemented both the "Chosun Founding Year" and "Qing's Year".Especially reports from the Qing army will be triggered.
Western powers believe that in order to achieve their own business and regardless of their own interests, aggression and predation of all the public law.However, the "Seoul Weekly" warned that people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas were "invaded by the imperialist powers" and "warned Chosun to warn against imperialist aggression." Therefore, it is also pointed out that the "extraterritorial jurisdiction" in the country, including unfair treaties such as Japan and other imperialist powers, will infringe autonomy.
Especially "Independent News."The paper clearly expressed the social responsibility of the media.Xu Zaiyu wrote in this autobiography: "I'm convinced that our country's independence lies in education, especially in inspiring the people.Therefore, we plan to publish newspapers first."The first issue of the newspaper was issued only 300 copies, but it was later increased to 3,000 copies per issue.Xu Zaiban used the experience learned from the United States to promote Western news values.In December 1899, Xu Zaiyu due to crowding out to United States newspaper ceased publication.
"Independent News" has become a torch in the history of the modern revolution.South Korea's public opinion inherited the spirit of "Independent News" and formed a tradition of anti-Japanese independence movement and resisting the tradition of dictatorship fighting for the defence of democracy.
The nineteenth-century Korean people gained new social consciousness through parallel newspapers during various incidents that occurred at the same period of time.This social consciousness forms the country, and its process is the responsibility that modern media needs to bear.
The symbolism of the modern media has become representative of the use of Korean.Although King Sejong, the fourth king of Chosun, created Hangul, Confucianists and Chineseism have discriminated against the Hangul.However, it is worth noting that the use of Korean in the modernization process means that it has the publicity.This is to get rid of the shackles of the "World of Chinese characters" and to pursue the modernization with Hangul.For example, in Western modernization, language is not neutral.
The development of national language in ancient Latin was the main reason for the collapse of the feudal society in Europe.
Therefore, the use of Korean has freed Korea from Chineseism, and the language made people to think about the world.The Hangul is the start to modernization and discover the formality of the nation.That is to say, it is the basis of the independent newspaper in pure Korean version will be set by the "Seoul Weekly." Therefore, the symbolic function of modern Chosun media derives from "Hangul."The Hangul rejects the Chinese order based on "Huayi" concept and establishes a "world knowledge" based on the theory of social evolution, thus becoming the medium of education.
When Park Yong-hyo, who first came up with the Chosnn flag, promoted the issuance of modern newspapers, and Kil-chun Yu24 , who was responsible for practical matters, left behind list of the mixed use of Korean and Chinese vocabulary to publish and the description.He also showed the possibility of using Korean as the main language in newspaper.However, as Park Soong-hyo was demoted to Seoul and became the mayor the plan of Kil-chun Yu was frustrated, and the opposing opinion of "Seoul Weekly" has changed.The language of the newspaper has again changed back to pure Chinese.
However, after the publication of the "Hangsung Report" suspended, the name of the "Hangsung Report" was renamed in "Seoul Weekly" in 1886.The newspaper was then written in pure Chinese, Mixture of Chinese and Korean, and pure Korea.This means that since the "Seoul Weekly" is a government agency report issued by the state agency "Publication Bureau", it can be said that it has a great historical significance. 25It is said that the "Seoul Weekly" using the Hangul not only praises ordinary readers, but even raises support for the Emperor Gojong. 26 particular, "Independent News" is a purely Korean newspaper.For the Wednesday issue, four editions were written in pure Korean and English texts, three in Korean and one in English.The purpose of using the Hangul instead of the Chinese characters is mainly to arouse ordinary people.Readers include citizens, intellectuals, and foreigners."Independent News" issued a total of 776 issues in Hangul and 442 issues in English.In commemoration of the newspaper, Korean press set April 7 th , 1957 as the "Newspaper Publication Day." 3. Korea-Japan Opposition "Ethnography" and "pro-Japan"

The Russo-Japanese War and News Media Policy
In February 1904, following the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese imperialist defeated Russia on the Korean peninsula in 1905, occupying a political monopoly.
The Korea-Japan agreement on February 23 rd allowed Japan to occupy the military areas in Korean peninsula, and another agreement in August 22 nd allowed Japan to interfere with the internal affairs of the Korean Empire.
Along with the road to subjugation, the Korean Empire split into a patriotic independence and pro-Japanese anti-nationalist camp on the Korean Peninsula in 1910.They maintain their own opinions and issue various newspapers.(Cha Baegen, 2001) On the other hand, number of newspapers issued by Japanese in the Korean peninsula has increased sharply after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.Among them, the representative newspapers are distributed to Korean people in Korean, such as "Dae Han Daily" and "Daedong News."The publication of Japanese newspapers began to falsify.The "Seoul New Newspaper28 " originated in 1895.Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the financial backer of these newspapers, rationalizing the invasion of the Korean peninsula and defending the Japanese imperialist ambitions.
After the so-called "Eulsa Protection Treaty" in 1905, Japan also issued the "Kyungsung Daily" and the English newspaper "Seoul Press" to not only promote the political propaganda in the Korean peninsula but also to guide the Japanese imperialists' to international news on the Korean Peninsula.
Therefore, after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the media in the Korean peninsula was divided into two groups.Among the newspapers run by Koreans, except for the nationalists' newspaper, there were also pro-Japanese newspaper that is against the nationalism.
Therefore, it can be divided into "ethnography" and "pro-Japan".From the perspective of the supplier, it can be divided into Korean national business newspapers and foreigner newspapers.
After the outbreak of Russo-Japanese War, a variety of Korean newspapers and magazines were established on the Korean Peninsula.In addition to the "Royal News" and "Imperial News", Seoul and the other local areas also founded newspapers.In addition, the situation in the Korean peninsula has developed in various directions by the nationalist movement against Japanese imperialist rule.Active activities such as anti-military struggles, the national debt compensation campaign, and the patriotic Enlightenment Movement, and the national campaign against Japan's development of wasteland requirements were included.The "Korean Daily News" supports this anti-Japanese national movement, arouses public opinion, and triggers diplomatic issues between Britain and Japan.
The "Korean Daily News" has greatly encouraged the Korean national camp.On the contrary, Japan and the United Kingdom are in awkward situations.Thomas Bethell has been sued twice by the Japanese side.At that time, he will always go to trial.

"
Mansae Newspaper"(June 17th, 1906) is a newspaper approved by Lee Injik to be established as an organ of Heavenly agency.Two new technologies have been introduced in production.First, in Chosun, for the first time in Chinese, red Korean words are used to mark Korean pronouns so that even people who do not understand Chinese can read newspapers.Second, for the first time in the Korean Peninsula serialized novels were published in the newspaper.