The Role of Social Media in Developing Social Responsibility and Political Awareness of Jordanian Youth

This study aimed at exploring the role of social media in developing social responsibility and political awareness of the Jordanian youth, where the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical methodology, by developing a specific questionnaire as a study tool. The study sample consisted of (200) students from Philadelphia University with all education levels for the academic years (2016-2017). The results showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α = 0.05) of the role of social media in developing social responsibility and political awareness of the Jordanian youth.


Introduction
The world is undergoing huge changes in information technology, and this is compelling a clear effect on the political, economic, social and cultural environment, particularly in Jordan.Social websites are presently known as current online networking that witness a dynamic development, and initially, they were only a restricted and tight virtual society which subsequently developed to turn from a printed instructive instrument to a varying media device that influences the choices and reactions of individuals.The larger part of population has managed this sort of innovation.(Husein, Al-Sukkar, Salah, & Jaradat, 2013).
We are experiencing a new phase of dynamic movement of Social networking; particularly Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. appeared.It was initially a virtual society on a narrow and limited scale, and then gradually increased over time; it developed from an informational written text to an audio-visual tool affecting decisions-taking (Hart, 2008).
Social activities reflect the need of young people in particular.They show youth talents, potentials and tendencies in various fields of cultural and social activities.Development can never take place without the engagement and preparation of youth; they are a tool for development.Community has the intrinsic capacity to grow and develop only through young generation's creativity, professional and technical skills, and their sense of responsibility (Collins & Halverson, 2010).
Youth represent an age group with an important role in community, filling it with hope to build our future nation.They have the ability and vitality to work and change for the better serving society, through using some guided and thoughtful sites of social media, using their social skills, experiences and social capacities that exist and develop with a sense of social responsibility that may help them to be more productive.
As social media have contributed to activating youth participation, helping in achieving the desire and interests of each common group, so that the young generation has a role in networking, advocacy, lobbying, interaction and even may help in influencing leaders, and in achieving social responsibility if they are well invested, and directed (Sabagh, 2010).
Social media plays an important role in educating young people training them on practicing social networking habits as an important tool of social change.The social and educational institutions are interested in developing youth programs and activities, training them how to benefit of time.The educational process is useful for building youth personalities, raising the spirit of social responsibility and self-esteem, making them able to behavior and personality patterns; so that youth behavior is a process with mental, psychological, social, or environmental components affected by different conditions, attitudes, social and cultural elements.It is mainly based on the interaction between young individuals, groups and communities.Youth develop a sense of responsibility and self-reliance through these processes and activities they engage in with other groups, through social media networking, learning types of behavior, and gaining positive experiences through this interaction (Holmes & O'loughlin, 2014).

Problem Statement and Study Questions
Social responsibility is associated to human beings as such.Social networking plays an important role in the development of social responsibility and political awareness through youth groups creating web sites and social pages adopting social issues that are at the center of their interests, publishing and defending them, using communication skills, advocacy and pressure techniques.Youth is considered a critical factor in the progress of society.The problem of the study may be manifested in the following questions: What is the impact of the use of social media in the development of social responsibility and political awareness among the youth?

Importance of the Study
The study importance derives from the nature of youth in our society and its role.This group is an important and influential human force in our society.Such studies will pave the way for other studies adding more influential variables in the study, and thus contributing to the accumulation research on social media, and social / political responsibility.

Terminology
Social Media: Forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos).It is a system of electronic networks, linked through electronic social system (Sabagh, 2010).

Social responsibility:
It is an ethical framework suggesting that an entity has an obligation to act for the benefit of society.Social responsibility is an individual duty to maintain balance between economy and other systems.It is the responsibility towards family, friends and homeland, through positive participation in solving society problems trying to achieve the general goals using all available means (Awad, 2015).

Study Hypotheses
Regarding the problem of the study, and its questions, the researchers has adopted the following hypotheses: Major hypothesis H0: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility and political awareness of the Jordanian youth.

Sub-hypotheses:
The ramifications of the major hypothesis are the following sub-hypotheses: H01: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon gender and specialization.
H02: There will be no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon gender and specialization H03: There will be no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
H04: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
H05: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
H05: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.

Literature Review and Previous Studies
From Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and websites, news can be delivered to 20 million watchers overnight.The viral idea of this social media empowers people to communicate their convictions, wishes or interests (Maguth, 2013).
The "information age" or "computerized age" influences the region of ICT, overcoming impediments of time and space in data sharing and systems administration.This does not just influence how we associate with other individuals and how we work together, yet additionally it influences how we interface in the political circle.In that specific situation, online networking can be considered as a potential apparatus for encouraging the social contract between the people and the state (Castells, 2011).
For instance, government can possibly utilize social media platforms to request criticism on its approaches and political activities, while people can utilize similar steps to express their outrage, dissatisfactions or acknowledgment of whatever activities government is embracing.Online devices and web-based social networking can open new roads for interest.Social media platforms can enable nationals to investigate better approaches for participation, they can open chances to activating individuals around a typical reason or for affecting the society on particular issues.Social media that is web-based social networking differs from conventional media in providing an open space, possibly giving each individual a way to specifically connect with others (Golbeck, 2005).
Social media and networks are some of the most prominent manifestations of new media, which helped in internet revolution; it is based on new technologies such as forums, blogs and social networking programs (Ibrahim, 2009).
Social interaction, which is a communicative process is considered by psychologists and sociologists as the basis of public relations between individuals.Thus the core of the communicative process consists of: Cognitive, and behavioral processes between the connected parties.The basic idea of social networking was initially based on achieving interaction, it developed into social aspects in various political, economic sectors (Abu Ya'qub, 2015).
The idea of social network sites is a social term that makes ones' essential needs of individuals to form their lives.The human instinct enables the individuals to communicate with each other (Safko, 2010).
Social network sites are international websites associated with many gadgets round the world to shape a gathering of huge systems that exchange immense and persistently created data in a split of second among the distinctive nations of the world (Al-Sharhan, 2003).
The term was additionally defined by Al-Shahri (2009) as an arrangement of electronic systems that enable a member to set up his/her own particular site and to share it through an electronic social framework to different individuals from different interests and hobbies.Social networks were defined originally by John Barnz in 1954, who is well -known as a specialist at London University (Serrat, 2009).
Users are enabled to interface with companions through discussions, and pictures social network sites.Dyrli and Kinnman (1996) expressed that the web helps creating thinking aptitudes and innovative intuition.
Any devoted community members are expressed as providing contribution for the correction and rehabilitation of circumstances within the community are social responsibilities.Hence, individuals must implement their social responsibilities by investing in the issues (hunger and poor nutrition, poverty, unemployment, employment possibilities in the orientation of disabled persons, prevention of violence, protection of environment, and developing consciousness and awareness in environment issues, etc.) by providing support for the solution of these issues (Göksu, 2014).
Social media is more required due to giving probability for instant information exchange.Since, social media channels, as compared to conventional media, is significantly faster and intuitive.Despite the fact that they do not have fast and rich feedback possibilities of face to face and one-to-one communication, social media is able to create a high social readiness (Köseoğlu & Köker, 2014).
Political awareness in the online political discussion is a significant type of political participation that has been facilitated by the rise of social media (Molaei, 2014).Valuable political discourse requires several preconditions; the most important one is reasonable argument and justification.In this regard, political awareness is a significant factor required for offering convincing arguments.
With their user content features; social media have significantly changed people's modes of social and political participation.These participatory media have provided a big opportunity for individuals' social and political awareness.They have also posed several challenges to people's constructive political engagement.Several studies have referred to the positive role of the Internet and social media for political awareness because they facilitate citizens' social and political engagement; others proposed the challenges that are provided by the Internet and social media.It is important to highlight that each of these opinions may be correct since these platforms may be used both in constructive and an unconstructive manner due to their nature of user generated content (Molaei, 2017).ass.ccsenet.

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Self-respo answers of 0.811).All of these arithmetic means show the approval of the study sample on the paragraphs that measure self-responsibility perspective variable, since all the arithmetic means are greater than the default means.
It is also noted that the paragraph, which states "People who desire enjoying the benefits of social networking are expected to create a profile of themselves on these sites", they had the highest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (4.01) and its standard deviation was (0.778), while the paragraph, which states "Self-responsibility approach usually requires an exploratory conversation in which the conversationalist asks the person to identify a problem they personally experience" had the lowest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (3.44), and its standard deviation was (0.811).
Overall, the general average of the arithmetic means for the answers of the respondents is equivalent to (3.75) and the standard deviation is equivalent to (0.795), which indicates the approval of the respondents upon the scale of these paragraphs was high, and that their attitudes were positive.

Trends Toward the Intellectual and Moral Responsibility Perspective
The intellectual and moral responsibility perspective variable is measured in paragraphs (6-10), as shown in table (2), and that the arithmetical means for answers of the study sample ranged between (3.82 -2.91), and the standard deviations ranged between (1.021-0.776).
All of these arithmetic means show the approval of the study sample on the paragraphs that measure the intellectual and moral responsibility perspective variable, since all the arithmetic means are greater than the default means.
Also noted that the paragraph, which states "The network does not raise even the most basic requirements for age, cultural, intellectual and moral level of the user" had the highest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (3.82) and its standard deviation was (0.776), while the paragraph, which states "Cyberethics is based on common sense and prudence, and it also includes the commandments of online behavior" had the lowest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (2.91) and its standard deviation was (1.021).
Overall, the general average of the arithmetic means for the answers of the respondents is equivalent to (3.52) and the standard deviation is equivalent to (0.848), which indicates the approval of the respondents upon the scale of these paragraphs was Medium, and that their attitudes were positive.

Trends Toward the Collective Responsibility Perspective
The collective responsibility perspective variable is measured in paragraphs (11-15), as illustrated in table (3), and that the arithmetical means for answers of the study sample ranged between (3.88-2.99),and the standard deviations ranged between (0.895-0.765).
All of these arithmetic means show the approval of the study sample on the paragraphs that measure the collective responsibility perspective variable, since all the arithmetic means are greater than the default means.
Also noted that the paragraph, which states "Individualism vs. collectivism is debated within social media networks environments very frequently as well" had the highest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (3.88) and its standard deviation was (0.765), while the paragraph, which states "There are no easy answers as to when, we as a society should lean either towards individualism or collectivism" had the lowest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (2.99) and its standard deviation was (0.895).
Overall, the general average of the arithmetic means for the answers of the respondents is equivalent to (3.52) and the standard deviation is equivalent to (0.842), which indicates the approval of the respondents upon the scale of these paragraphs was Medium, and that their attitudes were positive.

Trends Toward the National Responsibility Perspective
The national responsibility perspective variable is measured in paragraphs (16-20), as illustrated in table (4), and that the arithmetical means for answers of the study sample ranged between (3.98-3.11),and the standard deviations ranged between (0.898-0.734).
All of these arithmetic means show the approval of the study sample on the paragraphs that measure the national responsibility perspective variable, since all the arithmetic means are greater than the default mean.
Also noted that the paragraph, which states "Social media highlighted our international experiences in learning about culture and presented illustrations of culture associated behaviors, attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and values" had the highest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (3.98) and its standard deviation was (0.734), while the paragraph, which states "Different peoples with different traditions of thought and culture have different and conflicting conceptions of the right and the good" had the lowest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (3.11) and its standard deviation was (0.898).
Overall, the general average of the arithmetic means for the answers of the respondents is equivalent to (3.56) and the standard deviation is equivalent to (0.807), which indicates the approval of the respondents upon the scale of these paragraphs was Medium, and that their attitudes were positive.

Trends Toward Political Awareness
The political awareness variable is measured in paragraphs (21-30), as illustrated in table ( 5), and that the arithmetical means for answers of the study sample ranged between (4.04-2.61),and the standard deviations ranged between (1.267-0.775).
All of these arithmetic means show the approval of the study sample on the paragraphs that measure the political awareness variable, since all the arithmetic means are greater than the default means.
Also noted that the paragraph, which states "Social networks provide the chance to express political opinions frankly and freely" had the highest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (4.04) and its standard deviation was (0.775), while the paragraph, which states "Social network sites contributed in showing the real picture of the political situation" had the lowest approval grades; as its arithmetic means was (2.61) and its standard deviation was (1.267).
Overall, the general average of the arithmetic means for the answers of the respondents is equivalent to (3.33) and the standard deviation is equivalent to (0.933), which indicates the approval of the respondents upon the scale of these paragraphs was Medium, and that their attitudes were positive.

Testing the Major Hypothesis
H0: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility and political awareness of the Jordanian youth.
In order to test the major hypothesis, the sub-hypotheses should be tested as follows: 4.2 Testing the First Sub-hypothesis H01: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table ( 6) that there is an effect of the social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (7.841), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (0.197%) variance in the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
According to that the null hypothesis (H01) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, confirming that at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon gender.H02: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table (7) that there is an effect of the social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (12.633), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (39.0%) variance in in the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon gender.
According to that the null hypothesis (H02) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, that means at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon gender.

Testing the Third Sub-hypothesis
H03: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table (8) that there is an effect of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (11.00), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (32.64%) variance in the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
According to that the null hypothesis (H03) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, that means at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon education level.H04: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table (9) that there is an effect of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (17.766), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (55.80%) variance in the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon education level.
According to that the null hypothesis (H04) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, that means at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon education level.

Testing the Fifth Sub-hypothesis
H05: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table (10) that there is an effect of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (17.55), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (55.20%) variance in the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
According to that the null hypothesis (H05) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, that means at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing social responsibility of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.H05: At the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be no statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
It is noted from simple regression analysis results described in table (11) that there is an effect of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
This statistically significant effect at the statistically significant level (α = 0.05), as the calculated (T) value is (19.647), which is higher than tabulated (T) value, is in line with the simple regression analysis results that explain the (60.70%) variance in the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.
According to that the null hypothesis (H06) will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted, that means at the level of significance (α≤0.05),there will be a statistically significant differences of the role of social media in developing political awareness of the Jordanian youth upon specialization.

Recommendations
In light of the findings of the study results and discussion, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Carrying out similar studies on different societies, to examine the impact of the use of social media in the development of social responsibility.
2. Spreading the awareness among young people about the role and impact of social media in developing their personalities and guiding them to optimize the use of social media in a social responsible context.

3.
Conducting training courses for young people aimed at developing their skills in applying social media in the service of their social issues serving their nation, especially in the field of advocacy and pressure.

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Table 1 .
Arithmetic means and standard deviations for the members of the study sample answers measuring the attitudes towards self-responsibility perspective.

Table 2 .
Arithmetic means and standard deviations for the members of the study sample answers measuring the attitudes towards the intellectual and moral responsibility perspective.

Table 3 .
Arithmetic means and standard deviations for the members of the study sample answers measuring the attitudes towards the collective responsibility perspective.

Table 4 .
Arithmetic means and standard deviations for the members of the study sample answers measuring the attitudes towards the national responsibility perspective (AM) is the arithmetic means, (SD) is the standard deviation

Table 5 .
Arithmetic means and standard deviations for the members of the study sample answers measuring the attitudes towards political awareness.

Table 6 .
Testing results of the first sub-hypothesis

Table 7 .
Testing results of the second sub-hypothesis

Table 8 .
Testing results of the third sub hypothesis

Table 9 .
Testing results of the fourth sub-hypothesis

Table 10 .
Testing results of the fifth sub-hypothesis

Table 11 .
Testing results of the sixth sub-hypothesis