The Analysis of Factors Affecting the Residential Mobility of Afghan Immigrants Residing in Mashhad ( Case Study : Municipality Regions 4 , 5 and 6 )

The settlement of the immigrants, especially foreign immigrants in different cities and city areas has a major influence in shaping and changing socio-spatial structure of these areas. Mashhad has been the target of a large number of Afghan refugees in the past decades (160 thousand people). The initial settlement of immigrants in marginal areas of the city and residential mobility in the early settlement has obvious consequences on the social and spatial structure of different areas targeted by the immigrants. This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the residential mobility of Afghan refugees residing in districts 4, 5 and 6 of MashhadIran. The research was a survey type and the required data were gathered by field studies using questionnaires and library. The results of this study suggests that a major portion Afghan immigrant (86%) have been settled at the beginning of their arrival to Mashhad in marginal areas and slums including, Golshahr, Panj-tan, Ghaleh Sakhteman and Tollab. In the initial settlement of immigrants in the mentioned places factors such as proximity to fellow coreligionists and affordable rental housing prices are crucial. In terms of residential mobility, 45.7% of immigrant families have changed their location at least once in Mashhad. The highest residential mobility has taken place in the Golshahr areas (28.1%) and Panj-tan (28.1%). Family residential mobility between regions existed in smaller and restricted scale. The stated reasons and motives in relation to residential mobility of immigrants are different in the later stages after primary residence. Generally the factors of insecurity and lack of resources and utilities, improved financial condition and ability to buy a better house, ethnics and religion inconsonance and the tenant conditions are among the reasons stated by the refugees for changing their residence.


Introduction
Nowadays residential mobility issue in different urban areas have been taken into consideration because of the inevitable cause and effect relationship between the intra-urban migration and its socio-spatial structure especially in the analysis of urban social geography (Shalyn & Cloud, 1993).The movement of the families from a residential area to other neighborhoods in the city plays a major role in the formation or change of urban social zones.Although migration shapes and changes social and demographic structure of the neighborhood, it is conditioned by the social-special structure of the city (Knox & Pinch, 2014).Mobility patterns of immigrants may be influenced by factors such as proximity to the workplace, duration of residence, employment status, income, age, gender and family circumstances (Wu, 2006).Intra-urban movement of the families has obvious consequences on the land market, housing and rent, new housing construction and renovation and repair of existing housing, changes in the pattern of housing and residential density in different parts of the city and forms and changes the social zones within cities.
In recent decades, several studies on the subject of intra-urban residential mobility and movement have been conducted out of the country including: (Sinai, 2001;Ocucu, 2006) about the African cities (Wu, 2006), cities of China (Karasko & Alenso, 2007) and about the city of Barcelona.
Despite the tremendous impact of residential movement on the social-spatial structure, the focus has been on the causes and consequences of international migration and urban -village in Iranian studies, however, the intra urban mobility and the fact that why the foreign immigrants after moving to a town change their location is less considered.However, in recent years, few studies have been conducted in this area, which include: Sajjadi (2008) in relation to social and spatial causes and consequences of intra-urban migration in the old Tharanpars-Tehran, Toulaei (2011) about the factors affecting the intra-urban migration in Tehran focusing on the sensing unequal spatial circumstances, Pourahmad et al. (2011) on the role of quality of the residential environment in old intraurban migration in Khorramabad, Zanganeh and Samieepour (2012) on the issue of immigration and residential mobility in Sabzevar and Safaeipour (2008) on the causes and social-spatial consequences of intra urban migration of Ahwaz city.
There is no doubt that about those cities that have hosted a number of international migrants, particularly Afghans in recent decades the investigation of the reasons and process of the residential mobility of immigrants after primary residence in order to gain the rules and the factors affecting it are particularly important.The presence and significant concentrations of Afghans in the borders of Mashhad such as Golshahr, Shahid Rajaei residential area (Ghale Sakhteman) and Alteymour (Panj-tan) has significant impact on the price of urban land and housing rent and social structure of these areas.So any urban planning regarding Mashhad borders requires consideration of the attendance of the immigrants and their residential mobility and social-spatial consequences.Therefore, this study investigates the process of immigrants' movement after the primary residence and the factors affecting it.The objective of this study is to examine the residential mobility process of the Afghan refugees in Mashhad and the factors affecting it.In line with this objective, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1.Where did the Afghans settled after the moving to Mashhad? 2. How was their residential mobility after the first settlement?
3. What kind of factors affected Afghans initial settlement and their later residential mobility?
In response to the above questions the following hypotheses have been proposed: 1.It seems that the bulk of Afghan refugees at the time of arrival settle in Golshahr, Panj-tan, Ghaleh Sakhteman and Tollab.
2. It seems that the major residential mobility has taken place after the initial settlement of the immigrants within the primary neighborhoods and outside residential mobility has taken place in limited domain.
3. It seems that, ethnicity, religion, and proximity to citizens, income and better access to facilities and utilities are crucial in the initial settlement and later movements.

Theoretical Frameworks
Migration in the broad sense means "leaving the mainland and settlement in another land temporarily or permanently" (Sheikhi, 1990) but in the strictest sense which is the most important type of movement of population it means "The collective or individual movement of human being permanently without going back to the origin" (Javan, 2011).In other words migration is a form of geographical or spatial mobility that takes place between two geographical units that can be permanent or nearly permanent (Baikmohammadi & Mokhtari, 2003).
Inland or overseas migration has various effects on the origin and destination and results in the change of lifestyle and thinking of the migrants; hence the immigration areas conditions are never the same as the situation before the migration process (Shaterian, 2010).So according to the Portes theory which is presented as the sector similarity of the migrants' compatibility, the refugees compatibility depends on the human resources of the family, family structure and the types of their participation in the larges society (Portes & Rumbaut, 2005).Immigrants entering the city, especially foreign immigrants, their initial settlement and their later movements in the process of adaptation to the target population affect the amount and direction of intra urban movements.
Residential mobility includes the movement of an urban resident of a residential unit to another unit or from one district to another district of the city.The residential feature of a city or neighborhood is formed by localization behavior or the individual or family decisions made by the families (Gbakeji & Rilwani, 2009).Obviously, freedom of choice is a class function of the urban populations whose income exceeds a certain limit (Shalyn, 1972).However, political and cultural situations usually limit these choices because they form the reaction of the urban population towards the environment, although in these reactions the cultures are also modified (Gagler & Gibert, 1996).
The intra urban movement includes a wide range of movements created by individuals in different countries.

Method
The resear library.Th such as G decisive ro was determ district 4 distributed collected t

Descrip
Since The 70s 80s and 90s with 25.4%, 36.5% and 23.9% represent the decades with most Afghan refugees entering Mashhad.

Hypothesis Testing
According to the first hypothesis, the bulk of Afghan refugees were settled in Golshahr, Panj-tanm Ghale Sakhteman and Tollab on their arrival.The results obtained by the questionnaire data show that among the total 389 respondents, 323 (86%) were settled in district 4 in the time of arrival.Among these samples 139 households (35.7%) were settled in Golshahr, 104 households (26.7%) were settled in Panj-tan, 61 households (15.7%) were settled in Shakhteman and 19 households (4.9%) were settled in Tollab.These results confirm the first hypothesis.

Figure 3. Frequency of early settlement of Afghan refugees in Mashhad
According to the third hypothesis residential mobility took place after initial settlement in the early neighborhoods and residential mobility taken place outside the districts is within limited domain.In order to test the hypothesis 4 districts were selected among the areas under investigation and the mobility from one neighborhood to another was studied.
The results of distribution frequency of families indicate that among the total 389 respondents show that about 176 families (45.7%) have changed their location in the city of Mashhad at least once.The highest residential movements have taken place in Golshahr and Panj-Tan.So that 28.1% of the respondents were moved within the areas.After these two areas 9.2% of the intra urban movements have taken place in Sakhteman and 2.4% of the intra urban movements have taken place in Tollab.These values indicate that intra urban movements are more  The information extracted from the questionnaires indicates that 241 respondents (63.6%) have considered the ethnicity and religion factors important in the initial settlement.Factors such as low rental or housing prices (15%), access to better facilities and utilities (8.2%) and Proximity to the workplace have been considered important in selecting the initial residence.About 44% of the respondents mentioned their reason of migration to Mashhad as the closeness to Imam Reza Shrine that indicates their religious interests in choosing their city of residence after migration from Afghanistan.
The above mentioned reasons and motives in relation to intra urban mobility after the initial settlement were somewhat different from the primary residence reasons.The data indicated in Table (2) show that the factors of insecurity and lack of facilities and utilities (27.4 percent), improved financial condition and ability to buy a better house (17.5%), lack of cultural and ethnic conformity (15.6%), the tenant conditions (15.3%), loss of income (8.6%) and marriage and family (7.5%) were among the reasons of intra urban movement.The information of Table (2) and the above mentioned facts confirm the third hypothesis.
Also the obtained results of the residential movement of the refugees after the initial settlement indicated that the highest movement has happened inside the districts rather than among the districts.For example, the majority of Golshahr population who are Shia Hazaras has never had any movement to Sakhteman neighborhood with Sunni Pashtuns.The results of the chi-square test between the ethnicity and the movements between the districts indicate that there is a significant correlation between the two variables; so that all 11 families who moved from Sakhteman to Golshahr were Shia that had conformity with all immigrants living in Golshahr.So the second hypothesis is confirmed.

Conclusion
The entrance of the immigrants, especially foreign immigrants to the cities and their initial settlement has a significant impact in shaping the social zones and marginal districts in cities.The immigrants through living in the new environment and the social interaction with the host society, obtaining employment skills, education and improving the financial situation try to move into other neighborhoods in the destination city and these intra urban movements have social-economic and physical consequences in the face of the origin and destination neighborhoods.Therefore, for any urben planning in order to organize city spaces the reasons and process of intra urban movement of the immigrant families must be analyzed.This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the residential mobility of Afghan refugees residing in districts 4, 5 and 6 of Mashhad-Iran.The results of this study suggests that a major portion Afghan immigrant (86%) have been settled at the beginning of their arrival to Mashhad in marginal areas and slums including, Golshahr (35.7%),Panj-tan (26.7%),Ghaleh Sakhteman (15.7%) and Tollab (4.9%).In the initial settlement of these immigrants in the mentioned places factors such as proximity to fellow coreligionists and affordable rental housing prices are crucial and 85% of the refugees were Shia and most of them (67%) were Hazara based on their ethnicity.In terms of residential mobility, 45.7% of immigrant families have changed their location at least once in Mashhad.The highest residential mobility has taken place in the Golshahr areas (28.1%) and Panj-tan (28.1%) which indicates that the intra urban movements are more prior to the refuges because they are more convergent in terms of ethnicity, religion and income.The intra urban movement of families between the districts was restricted to limited domain.The domain of residential mobility is limited even as their ideal life and does not exceed their current and nearby location.This indicates that the knowledge or expectations of the immigrants was low and they did not have enough information about the quality of life in other city neighborhoods.The stated reasons and motives in relation to residential mobility of immigrants are different in the later stages after primary residence.Generally the factors of insecurity and lack of resources and utilities (27.4%), improved financial condition and ability to buy a better house (17.5), ethnics and religion inconsonance (15.6%) and the tenant conditions (15.3) are among the reasons stated by the refugees for changing their residence.
The differences in the reasons and motivations for the choice of initial settlement and later intra urban mobility can be justified that these foreign immigrants in the beginning of their arrival are less knowledgeable about the destination and need the guidance of their fellow friends and citizens for initial settlement especially if the language is different from their host society.Since the majority of Afghan refugees arrived in the city of Mashhad have lower financial circumstances the cost of rental housing is also very important.Another point is that foreign immigrants have to move from their original country due to emergency situations such as wars and riots and they do not have the condition and opportunity to consider other factors related to the quality of the hosing in the destination and their main purpose is to find a shelter with minimal facilities.But in the subsequent movements they consider more factors as they become more knowledgeable about other neighborhoods and have a better financial circumstances the most important of which is better facilities and utilities.Portes theory is presented as the sector similarity of the migrants' compatibility.According to this theory the second-generation enjoy high education and job skills and their adaptation rate depends on the human resources of the family, family structure and the types of their participation in the larges society (Portes & Rumbaut, 2005).The second generation of the immigrants form a special population the experiences and aspirations of which are different from their parents and their counterparts in Afghanistan while they are not homogenous.Academic achievements and job skills of the second generation of Afghan refugees in Iran facilitates their compatibility with the host society and has inspired marriage and behaviors different from the first generation (Abbasi-Shavazi et al; 2012).

Recommendations
Since the presence of Afghan refugees in the borders of Mashhad and their later Intra-urban movement of the families has obvious consequences on social and spatial structure of the immigrants' neighborhoods including the land market, housing and rent, the change population density, sustainability of ethnic and religious boundaries in these areas and has intensified the marginalization in Mashhad, in order to organize and control the intra urban movement of the refugees and the social-spatial consequences the following recommendations are provided:  When organizing the city margins the longstanding presence of Afghan refugees in the region should be considered.


Encouraging the participation and training of Afghan refugees in activities related to urban issues by entities related to immigrants' issues and Mashhad Municipality.


Given that the problems of Afghan refugees had macro and multiple dimensions and their resolution is beyond the decisions of one institute, the related entities (Aliens and Foreign Immigrants Affairs in the city of Mashhad) and the organizations responsible for urban issues (Mashhad Municipality, City Council) must work together and be consistent. Figu

Table 1 .
Number and percentage frequency distribution of ethnicities and religions of the respondents