High-Tech Businesses Management Based on the Trends of Explicit and Implicit Knowledge Markets

The research presents a model of high-tech businesses management, basing on the trends of explicit and explicit knowledge market; classification of high-tech businesses, taking into consideration the three types of economic activity: high-, middleand low-tech; possibilities to manage the life span of high-tech business basing on its market value, technological innovations costs and business indicators. The research is based upon: authors’ methodology of explicit and implicit knowledge market analysis; methodology of classification of the types of industrial production and science-intensive services; the knowledge management model; methodological materials of the Russian Agency on Statistics (Rosstat), statistical data of the National research university “Higher School of Economics”.

The development of knowledge market as an integrity of explicit and implicit knowledge markets is a characteristics of the fifth and sixth knowledge-intensive technological patterns on the particular industrial-technological territory (country or region).Solving the topical issues of high-tech business management in enterprises functioning in the international knowledge market and forming the Russian market of explicit and implicit knowledge will promote the priority of high-tech business development.The program document of "Strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation up to 2020" "Methodology of calculation of indicators "Share of the production of high-tech and science-intensive sectors in the gross domestic product" does not sufficiently highlight the criteria of development for high-tech business, science-intensive companies and science-intensive services.The high-tech business models have barriers for high-tech business development both in the age of a high-tech business and type of its economic activity (Top 50 of "TekhUspekh" rating).International ratings of high-tech businesses: Thomson Reuters (USA) (2013); indexes of high-tech business: Nasdaq (USA), DAX (Germany) include companies not functioning in high-and middle-tech business types of economic activity (Official web-site of Nasdaq; Predstavlyayushchiy broker company).The research of this fact will allow to reveal the notion of "high-tech businesses" (Acemoglu, 2010;Aranguren & Larrea, 2011).

Methodology
The authors have elaborated the approach to research the high-tech businesses management, basing on the knowledge market analysis at macro-meso-and micro-levels, the model of knowledge management in an organization (Table 1, Figure 1).
The authors' business model of high-tech businesses is based on regulating the high-tech businesses' functioning on the markets of high-, middle-and low-tech production by managing the business indicators and expenses on technological innovations (Betz, 2014;Carayannis & Papadopoulos, 2011;Giudice, Peruta, & Maggioni, 2013).
The critical positions are [O,Y1,Y2], [O, X1, X2].In the first case the life span of a high-tech business is ensured by the efficient management system, which is bound to fail short-term without expenses on technological innovations.In the second case, the massive expenses on (technological) innovations lead to bankruptcy, though there are patents and the brand, but there is no appropriate management system, business model and knowledge management in the organization (Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2014;Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2013;Herstad, Pålshaugen, & Ebersberger, 2011).Source: on the basis of (Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2013;2014) Table 2. High-tech business index: correlation of the company value; intellectual property objects; material assets to the life span of the company The space optimal for high-tech businesses functioning is [Y1,Y2,X1] (Diagram 1): cost management of a high-tech business is carried out long-term with expanding expenses on technological innovations and strengthening business indicators.An additional tool for analyzing the high-tech businesses management is an index of high-technology of high-tech businesses, which is a complex of three equations in the sphere of high-tech businesses management (Diagram 1).Interpretation of the analysis of high-tech business index is as follows: I.At the level of three indicators of high-tech business index: analysis of data and revealing the causes of the company value at the expense of intellectual property objects or material assets during the life span of an enterprise.II.At the level of indicators of correlation between company value, intellectual property objects value and the life span of an enterprise: (а) if the life spans of the analyzed companies are equal, more efficient is the company with the larger high-tech business index; (b) if the spans of the analyzed companies are not equal, it is necessary to find the mean value, making groups with closest values (Jones, 1995).

Research Results
The elaborated model of knowledge management, the technique of explicit and implicit knowledge markets analysis is productive for developing and confirming the ideas represented in the works by Nonaka and Takeuchi on the significance and dominating of implicit knowledge in the knowledge market and in the organization as a whole (Table 1) (Isaksen & Karlsen, 2011).Basing on the authors' methodology of the analysis of explicit and implicit knowledge market, the knowledge management model in an organization as a result of knowledge market development as an integrity of explicit and implicit knowledge markets in the Russian Federation (RF) in 2000-2010, the following conclusions are made: -in 2000-2010, implicit knowledge market (export and import of implicit knowledge) dominated in the development of knowledge markets in RF; maximal values in the development of knowledge markets in RF were achieved in 2008 on the basis of maximal values of export and import of implicit knowledge (Figure 3); the worst values in the researched period were shown by the market of explicit knowledge export (in quantitative indicators by years, by the volume of growth) (Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2013;2014;Herstad, Pålshaugen, & Ebersberger, 2011).Source: on the basis of (Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2013;2014;Herstad, Pålshaugen, & Ebersberger, 2011) Figure 2. Volumes of knowledge markets by types of knowledge as a type of foreign economic activity of RF enterprises in 2002-2012: knowledge market as a whole (sums of export and import of explicit and implicit knowledge; export of explicit and implicit knowledge; import of explicit and implicit knowledge), thousand US dollars.
The dominant of the Russian knowledge market in 2000-2010 is the following processes: import and export of non-formalized knowledge.The engineering services import within the implicit knowledge implies modernization of obsolete equipment and non-material assets.Besides, if the equipment is transferred by a transnational corporation, then only knowledge of servicing is transferred (by license agreements), not the know-how (Romer, 1990;Teece, 1981Teece, & 1996)).The export implies rendering engineering services (within the implicit knowledge) by the Russian specialists without the corresponding sales of the Russian equipment (Gumerova & Shaymieva, 2013).Having revealed the trends of the Russian knowledge market in 2000-2010, we should investigate the following issues: classification of high-tech businesses; analysis of business models implemented in the knowledge markets elaborating the knowledge for high-tech businesses of various groups.High-tech businesses are three groups of companies: the first group is engaged in high-tech and science-intensive type of economic activity.According to (Ajupov, Mishina, & Ivanov, 2014), the criteria of attributing a business to high-tech sectors is a high level of technological development, defined as the ratio of scientific research costs to the gross added value.The criteria of attributing a sector to the science-intensive ones is the share of employees with a high level of professional education in the overall number of employees; the second group is engaged in middle-and low-tech type of economic activity, implementing high-tech businesses management, which results in the high level of technological development of the enterprise (Figure 3 The analysis of high-tech business index according to the authors' technique showed that in 2012 there were two groups of clubs: with life span from 100 to 150 years and from 50 to 100 years.The first group of clubs includes mainly foreign football clubs: Manchester United, Bavaria, Real, Barcelona.The second group includes Russian football clubs: Zenit, Spartak, Shakhter (Figure 4).We see that the value of the Russian football clubs during the whole period of their functioning is the value of their material assets, i.e. the material-technical base without the knowledge-intensive component of knowledge economy (Figure 4).When managing a football club as a material asset only, there is no business model of company management as a complex of material and non-material assets management, which is the constituent part of the science-intensive service -activity in the sphere of sports by the authors' classification of high-tech businesses, the trends of explicit and implicit knowledge market are not taken into account.The high-tech businesses management on the basis of trends of explicit and implicit knowledge market allows to introduce the parameter "life span of the company".If the company value increases, this parameter is an obligatory indicator of its business model, reflecting the constructive activity of the highly qualified personnel creating and implementing the explicit and implicit knowledge in the market, within the knowledge management system in the organization.That promotes the company value growth in the knowledge market long-term.
IPO -intellectual property object; FC -football club; VFC -value of football club; VIPO -value of intellectual property objects; VMA -value of material assets;

Conclusions
The following scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical conclusions are made: 1.The work differentiates the notion of "high-tech business", distinguishing three groups of enterprises.
2. Classification of high-tech businesses is proposed, taking into account the three types of economic activity, which allows to include high-tech businesses with high market value.
3. The proposed business model of the interaction between enterprises functioning in the high-, middle-and low-tech markets implies the possibility to manage the life span of the company basing on its value, expenses on technological innovations and business indicators.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. High-tech business indexes of foreign and Russian football clubs (2012)

Table 1 .
Methodology of knowledge management research: methodology of analysis of explicit and implicit knowledge markets according to the authors' research (2013; methodology of classification of industrial production and science-intensive services based on OECD methodology

Methodology of Analysis of Explicit and Implicit Knowledge Market Methodology of Classification of Industrial Production and Science-Consuming Services
Forming: (а) a block of types of science-intensive services, which are mentioned in the documents on high-tech business development; (b) a block of types of science-intensive services, which are not mentioned in such documents 3. Formulating the classifiсation of knowledge-based services based on OECD methodology, on Rosstat classification

Table 2 .
October 2013.Retrieved from http://top100innovators.com/top100-2013.pdfTop 50 of "TekhUspekh" rating.National rating of the most rapidly developing Russian high-tech businesses according to "TekhUspekh".Retrieved from http://www.ratingtechup.ru/rate/Depending on the sphere of research and patents in proper types of economic activity.Besides, it should be noted that this group can be divided into two subgroups (this is confirmed in the practical section of the research).Types of economic activity of high-tech businesses according to the List of Types of economic activity of Rosstat": industrial production and science-intensive services Other entertainment activity; activity of information agencies; other activity in the sphere of culture; activity in the sphere of sport; other activity in the sphere of rest and entertainment