A Study on Sub-Clinical Narcissistic Personality Score and Its Relationship with Academic Performance-An Indian Experience

Sub-clinical narcissism is the presence of narcissistic personality traits in otherwise normal people. People with high levels of these traits said to have inflated self-esteem and possibly a high egotism. A 40 itemed Narcissistic Personality Inventory is used to measure this type of personality traits. Those individuals who score above 20 points from the available 40 points of NPI-40 Inventory is considered to be having higher levels of Subclinical Narcissism and prone to exhibit socially dislikeable personality traits. This study tried to address the relationship between supposedly negative personality traits of Sub-clinical Narcissism using NPI-40 Score against past and present academic performance of a group of students in a Private University setup. The study included 202 participants from a Business School Division of a Private University. Analysis showed that only at the current academic levels of the respondents, NPI-40 scores were significantly correlating with their academic performance. Research implications are discussed.


Introduction
Narcissism-The term Narcissism comes from a tragic story of Greek Mythology about a youth named Narcissus, who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water and started getting obsessed by it to the extent where he died in the end looking at it for weeks and months.Currently, Narcissism as a term is used in Personality Psychology to describe a socially disruptive personality trait that is characterized by a grandiose self-view, a sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, and egotism.Although most individuals have some form of narcissistic traits, high levels of narcissism can manifest themselves in a pathological form as Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), in which the individual is described as being excessively preoccupied with issues of personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity On the other side, Subclinical (clinically not significant) Narcissism is not seen as Pathological Personality disorder by Clinical Psychologists.But it has got few offensive behavioral traits that are on many occasions not socially acceptable.They are, Grandiose Self-Views, Exhibitionism, Entitlement, Exploitativeness, Superiority, Authority, and Self-Sufficiency.These constructs are the areas of interest for many of the social-psychology researchers.Based on various studies, Researchers have developed this set of constructs that supposed to make Subclinical Narcissism traits on an individual.Long considered as a negative personality trait in a society that is increasingly becoming competitive in all aspects of life.How such a negative personality trait act upon some of the critical parts of an individual's growth as a person in a society is an area that is gaining lots of interest in the recent times among social psychologists.
Personality Traits and Academic Performance-Do personality traits of individual determine their academic performance at various stages of their school/college life?While researchers from the past has shown Big five personality traits such as Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism to be of having some relation to school performance (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1992;De Raad, 1996), academic success is still seen by many researchers as a function of intellectual ability than personality (Rothstein, Paunonen, Rush, & King, 1994) and (Allik & Realo, 1997).Though there are many studies conducted in the field of Personality as a predictor for individual's college performances (Wolfe & Johnson, 1995), there are very few studies which examined negative personality traits relationship with academic achievement.Most of the current studies in this domain focuses on testing the relationship between personality traits and Academic performance of individuals, with Big Five Personality traits as the predictor for academic and work place performance (Chomorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2003a/b) and (Higgins, Peterson, Pihl, & Lee, 2007).Conscientiousness in particular has been the widely studied personality trait as the predictor for individual's academic achievement (Wagerman & Funder, 2007).In this scenario, this study tries to understand the relationship between Negative Personality Trait such as Subclinical Narcissism and Academic performance of individuals over the years.

Literature Review
Research on personality and its relationships to important personal, social and economic constructs is as vibrant and influential as ever (Funder, 2001) and has been credited with prompting major advances in the field of organizational behavior (Hough, 2001).Much of this contribution can be linked directly to theoretical and statistical reviews of the role of personality, such as the pivotal meta-analyses of correlations between personality and work performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991;Hough, Eaton, Dunnette, Kamp, & McCloy, 1990).This inter-disciplinary approach towards personality and its impact on individual's growth have allowed researchers to assess the major features of these relationships, providing path for future studies.While there are many studies on positive personality traits and its relationship with academic performance, there has been no comparable review of the relationship between personality traits that are considered negative and academic performance.
One of the earliest applications of trait-based personality assessment was the prediction of academic performance.Webb (1915) and Spearman (1927), proposed factors such as "Will" and "General Intelligence" as the contributors for improved academic ability.Similarly, Flemming et al. (1932) found that personality measures were indeed correlating with academic performance.Unfortunately, most of the early researches were plagued by inconsistent research findings and methodological discrepancies.In one of the earliest reviews in this field, Harris (1940) expressed the view that personality contributed to academic performance, but acknowledged that this was unsupported by evidence because research up to that point was marred by inconsistent and flawed methodologies.Later, Stein (1963) emphasized the difficulty of making sense of research based on diverse theories and measures, while Margrain (1978) noted much creativity in methodology, but findings that showed no clear trends.The next major review in this field by De Raad & Schouwenburg (1996) highlighted the scattered nature of this research and its lack of an overarching framework or paradigm, while Farsides and Woodfield (2003) concluded that findings in this area of research had been "erratic".In brief, reviews of research on the relationship between personality and academic performance have generally presented equivocal conclusions, largely due to the use of variable research methodologies and theoretical bases.
Subclinical Narcissism is also found to be important part of an unholy trinity known as the Dark Triad of Personality Traits (Paulhus & Williams, 2002) and (Jonason & Webster, 2012) that includes Machiavellianism, Subclinical Psychopathy involving individuals to have a callous-manipulative interpersonal characteristics and are aversive to long-term relationships.Kohut (1966Kohut ( , 1968Kohut ( , 1971Kohut ( , 1972) ) has written extensively on narcissism and like Freud (1914Freud ( /1991) ) he too believed that narcissism was a healthy and normal part of development and "neither pathological nor obnoxious" (1966, p. 243).
Clinical theory and research has informed the empirical study of narcissism by personality and social psychologists.They see narcissism as a personality trait existing at the sub-clinical level in normal populations.While Subclinical (Borderline) Narcissism is not seen as Pathological Personality disorder by Clinical Psychologists, it still got few offensive behavioral traits which on occasions not socially acceptable.Raskin and Hall (1979) developed a set of constructs that supposed to lead to Subclinical Narcissistic traits on individuals.They are, Grandiose Self-Views, Exhibitionism, Entitlement, Exploitativeness, Superiority, Authority, and Self-Sufficiency.Raskin & Hall (1979) developed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory based on the DSM-III criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and later revised it to its current 40-item forced-choice version (Raskin & Terry, 1988).This is the most widely used scale in narcissism research.The full NPI is positively correlated with clinical ratings of narcissism (Prifitera & Ryan, 1984), indicating that while we call these subjects 'sub-clinical' that may be because some of them have not sought treatment.The NPI measures narcissism as a continuous variable and there is no specific cut off score for which a person would be considered a clinical narcissist (Foster & Campbell, 2007).Horvath & Carolyn Morf (2009), Giovanni Maria Ruggiero et al. ( 2011) have found out from their studies that an Individual's Narcissistic Personality traits in general are result of a person's subconscious Low Implicit Self-Esteem, usually associated with the protection of a radically weak, shamed, or damaged self.Peter Jonson and Gregory Webster (2012) study found out that in some individuals Subclinical Narcissism can also be part of an unholy trinity known as the Dark Triad of Personality Traits that includes Machiavellianism, Subclinical Psychopathy.Narcissistic traits and its relationship with individual's academic and professional success is an area which could throw more light onto Subclinical Narcissism.There is a lacuna on how a person with higher levels of subclinical narcissism performs in a social environment where his/her growth depends on academic performance.This is where studying a socially disliked yet clinically non-pathological form of personality trait such as Narcissism comes into play.Scope of this article limits itself to studying the levels of Subclinical Narcissism, and its relationship with Academic performance of students during various stages of their academic levels.

Research Objectives
1) To measure the Subclinical Narcissistic score of college graduates 2) To test the relationship between Subclinical Narcissistic Score and Academic Performance over the years (both past and present academic performance)

Hypotheses
The previous review of extant research supports linkages between Personality traits and the Academic Performance of students, thus lending support to a set of testable hypotheses.NPI-40 score is positively related with each of the four academic levels of college students: Secondary (10th Standard) grade (Hypothesis 1), Higher Secondary (12th standard) grade (Hypothesis 2), Under Graduate Degree grade (Hypothesis 3), and Post Graduate Degree grade (Hypothesis 4).

Methodology
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken for the purpose of studying the statistical relationships between NPI-40 score, and Academic Performance of college level students.

Population and Sample Selection
Population for this study was first and final year Master Degree students of Business Administration from a Business school division of a reputed private university, who are well versed in Basic English language comprehension.There were 2000 students in total (mix of male and female students), out of which 202 students were selected using convenience sampling method.This equates to 10% of the total population.

Participants and Procedures
Participants were the current students of Master of Business Administration from a well reputed a Private University.Survey Questionnaires were completed in a series of five mass-testing sessions in a large lecture hall.Once participants completed the measures, they were debriefed and thanked for participating.The participants received neither remuneration nor any material benefit for the completion of questionnaires.

Measures
Subclinical Narcissism-Subclinical Narcissism was measured using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979, 1981).The NPI was developed according to diagnostic criteria but provides an index of narcissism that reflects both pathological levels as well as less extreme forms that reflect narcissism as a personality trait.It measures global narcissism and its components.We used the 40-item version (Raskin & Terry, 1988).Research demonstrates adequate reliability and validity of the NPI in adults (Raskin & Terry, 1988, pp. 890-893).The construct validity and internal consistency of the NPI has been previously demonstrated (Emmons, 1987;Raskin & Hall, 1981;Raskin & Terry, 1988).For the present study, the internal consistency of this measure was adequate, a = 0.787.
Academic Performance-Participants were asked to provide their past and present grades in Academics starting from their Secondary (10th standard) education through Higher Secondary (12th standard), Under Graduate Degree till their current Master's Degree program in percentages.

Demographic Details of the Participants
Around 33 percentage of the participants were from Final Year of their Master's Degree in Business Administration (MBA) while the remaining 67 percentage were in 1st Year of their MBA studies.56 percentage of the respondents were male, while remaining 44 percentage were female, aged between 22-26 years (Mean Age =23.22,SD= 1.26) Table 2 shows that chosen participants were having consistently above average academic performance over the various stages of their academic years with only marginally maximum performance being observed during their higher secondary years (Mean 78.71 with a standard deviation of 9.012) and marginally lowest performance during secondary school years (Mean 76.33 with a standard deviation of 9.596).

Findings
Prior to conducting the analyses, the data was screened for the common assumptions of normality and randomness of the sample.There were weak positive correlations between NPI-40 scores and the past academic performance scores of the respondents that include their 10 th standard, 12 th standard, and Under Graduate Degree academic grades in percentage.But there is a statistically significant strong positive correlation between the student's Post Graduate Degree Performance and NPI-40 Score.Correlation between the academic performance and NPI-40 scores of students are presented as descriptive statistics in Table 1, 2 and 3 along with bivariate correlation statistics

Implications for Research and Practice
Results of this study suggest that there is a wider scope for further exploration in the area of Narcissistic Personality and Academic success.Measuring Subclinical Narcissistic Traits during admission process at the higher levels of education might shed more light on this.Being always perceived as a negative trait, Narcissism could also be the answer for competitive mentality among students of higher studies in the areas of Business Administration.This study can be further expanded to the realms of Professional success of Narcissistic Individuals along with their academic achievement.NPI-40 inventory could be used as one of the pre-assessment tool both at academic and corporate entry level for selection of right candidates.

Limitations of This Study
We have adapted an unmodified version of NPI-40 questionnaire against non-native English language speakers.This could be accounted for some of the respondent's error while filling the questionnaire as well as lower internal consistency value (Cronbach, 1951) in the form of Cronbach's alpha value of a=0.787.Similarly, the context in which the study has been conducted is vastly different from what the adapted questionnaire is intended for (Nunnaly, 1978).This may lead to external validity errors.Hence generalization of this study's results is not advisable.

Conclusion
The present study demonstrated a link between subclinical narcissism score measured by NPI-40 inventory and academic performances of students at college level.Further, this study investigated the past academic performance against subclinical narcissistic measure and identified, weak yet positive association between academic performance and subclinical narcissistic score.This reflects fluid nature of Personality Measures at various academic levels (Rose & Campbell, 2004).This fluidity of Narcissistic Personality should be accounted for while studying relationships between various variables.In summary, there is variety of different theoretical perspectives on narcissism, and there is much to be done to resolve many of the controversies in the field of narcissism research.Perhaps the most important point we wanted to make by conducting this study is that we believe presence of high levels of subclinical narcissistic traits should be considered as neither entirely normal nor abnormal (Campbell & Foster, 2007).Rather, we believe that the consequences of such traits are largely dependent upon the context in which they have been studied and the outcome variables that are assessed, with narcissism being associated with positive outcomes in certain contexts like academic performance in this study.
To further this study, rest of the dark triad traits (Machiavellianism, and Subclinical Psychopathy) could also be

Table 1 .
Raskin & Terry (1988)stic score of participants Clinical Narcissistic Score of test subjects were completed using NPI-40 Inventory.Table1shows that over 50% of the respondents of having NPI-40 scores equal to or in excess of 20 with a mean of 19.35 and Standard Deviation of 5.95.According toRaskin & Hall (1979),Raskin & Terry (1988), NPI-40 scores of 10 to 15 is generally found in normal population.NPI-40 Scores found in between 15 and 20 are said to be borderline.Those respondents who have NPI-40 score equal to or in excess of 20 is considered to be having a highly Narcissistic Personality albeit without any pathological connotation (Subclinical).This suggests that there is a considerable amount of Subclinical Narcissistic Tendencies is displayed over the response of the test subjects.

Table 3 .
Correlations between NPI-40 and academic performancePerformance of students are positively and significantly related.This hypothesis was only partially supported (r=.083, p.243) with no statistical significance at p.0.05 level.H 2 -The second hypothesis stated that overall NPI-40 score would share a positive, significant relationship with 12th standard (Higher Secondary) Academic Performance of students.This hypothesis was only partially supported (r=0.77,p.278) with no statistical significance at p.0.05 level.-Fourth and final hypothesis suggested that there is a positive and significant relationship between NPI-40 score and Student's Academic Performance at Post Graduate (PGD) level.This hypothesis was fully supported (r=0.164,p.020) with statistical significance at p.0.05 level.Additionally, there was also strong positive correlation between 10th standard performance, and 12th standard performance (r=0.215,p.0.02) with statistical significance at less than p.005 level.10th standard performance and PGD Performance (r=.260, p. <0.01) with statistical significance at less than p.001 level.These results support the hypothesis of a positive linear relationship between a student's Subclinical Narcissistic score and his or her Academic Performance but only at higher academic levels it is of statistically significant.
Hypotheses.A series of hypotheses were advanced earlier in this paper, all in reference to the various relationships between NPI-40 Score and Academic Performance of Students.The correlations used to test these hypotheses are presented in Table3.H 1 -The first hypothesis suggested that overall NPI-40 Score and 10th standard (Secondary) Academic