Need for Government Regulation of Organic Foods

The authors define the concept of demand and prospects of organic foods, identify problems and prospects for the production of organic foods in Russia, exploring features of state regulation of the production of organic foods in different countries and justify the need for state regulation of the production of organic foods in Russia. The authors analyze the results of a sociological survey of 1,000 residents of the Volgograd region in age from 20 to 60 years, determine the structure determination of respondents concepts of organic foods, the structure of the respondents 'opinions on the importance of regular consumption of organic foods, the structure of the respondents' opinions regarding the price for organic food, the structure of respondents 'opinions on the percentage excess of the price for organic food over the price of conventional products, the structure of the respondents' opinions on the proportion of organic foods in the structure of the family budget, identify the main purposes of the production of organic foods, especially compared to the state support for Organic Agriculture economy in the countries of Western Europe, as well as classify the main types of environmental standards.


Introduction
Part of the national economic security is food security of the population, which means the availability and the opportunity to purchase food needed for an active and healthy life, in other words -the possibility of uninterrupted supply of food to the population of the physiological nutritional standards.
According to research of the total amount of toxic substances entering the human body, about 70% comes from food, 20% air and 10% water.Therefore, the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products, which conform to the organoleptic, technological and toxicological standards and has no negative impact on human and animal health, the environment, is today one of the most important problems in agricultural production, the main driving force in the competitive struggle for quality performance products.

Method
At the moment there is no single, universally accepted interpretation of such basic terms as "ecological safety of food" and "organic food", these two concepts are often confused with each other, are used as synonyms, but such confusion is not entirely valid, as it is can lead to misunderstanding the purpose of ecological food production.Without a clear definition of these concepts becomes difficult to identify further areas of ecological agriculture and the food industry.
The concept of "organic food" is broad enough in international practice they include, first, the so-called "natural and organic products" (natural and organic products), consisting entirely of natural ingredients and grown on uncontaminated soils in the second is the addition of products with artificial nutrients that enhance the protective functions of the body (functional foods), and, thirdly, dietary supplements of natural origin (nutraceuticals), which are plant extracts.Obviously, such a gradation ECHPP origin and the extent of their biological usefulness and safety dictated, among other reasons, is also a high level of consumer demand.

trong e and food
Today the organic (biological, ecological) agriculture is an alternative development and competitiveness of agriculture sector in most countries of the world.By the minimal use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers rural producers is pushing the fact that there was a demand for environmentally friendly products, it is appreciated and is more expensive (Popkova & Tinyakova, 2013a).
At the same time, the European Union law provides that for a "transition period" (the time during which the company must operate in compliance with environmental requirements) produced products cannot be implemented under the logo of "bio", "eco", "organic" and, consequently, agricultural manufacturer does not get able to sell at a higher price.Requirements for the transition period to organic production standards of ecological production differ slightly.
In the European Union the necessary transition period of 36 months before harvest perennial crops (e.g., fruit trees) or 24 months before planting annual crops (e.g., vegetables).Despite this the number of farms transitioning to the system of ecological agriculture systematically grows.For example, in the Czech Republic by the end of 2006 operated 963 eko-farms -more than at the end of 2005, the total land area of the country occupied by organic agriculture amounted to more than 281.5 thousand.Hectares -6.6% of farmland.The main objectives of the production of organic foods are: 1) production of food of high nutritional value in sufficient quantities; 2) organization of agricultural production in harmony with the natural ecosystem; 3) foster the formation and strengthening of biological cycles in the system of agricultural production; 4) maintain soil fertility; 5) Increased use of renewable resources in agriculture; 6) establishment of a closed system for the organic substance, and nutrients; 7) keeping of livestock in conditions appropriate to the innate behavior; 8) prevention of pollution of the environment; 9) preservation of genetic diversity; 10) protection of habitats of wild animals and plants, reducing water pollution, soil and air.
Of chemicals of agriculture in Russia are now used by about a third of the arable land.Often, the reason why the impression that most of the domestic land that does not use chemicals, must have good operational and environmental conditions.However, the relatively low use of fertilizers, plant protection chemicals is not the only condition for the good condition of the land (Danciu, 2006).
Serious threat to the land are not related to the conduct of agricultural production manmade pollution caused, in particular, the regional concentration of industrial enterprises.According to Russian scientists in the country over the past 15 years, retired from circulation more than 15 million hectares of arable land, more than 56 million hectares of arable land is low in humus.All this illustrates the need for measures not only to prevent further contamination of land, but also to restore the already polluted areas (Popkova & Tinyakova, 2013b).
Thus, in order to improve the competitiveness of the Russian agricultural products there is an objective need for ecological and toxicological examination of arable lands.Production of environmentally friendly products is considered potentially competitive segment of the agricultural market.According to various estimates, 20011, sales of organic food in the EU countries, USA and Japan amounted to 19-21 billion.Dollars.USA.In 2012, China exported organic products to 200 million.Dollars.In 2013, the global market for green products was estimated at $ 25 billion.The largest share is occupied by the United States (Faix et al., 1995).
In many advanced economies, "the environmental segment" was demanded by consumer demand (Figure 6).
There is a systematic increase in demand for organic food.So, conducted by Eurobarometer opinion poll in France shows that if in 2011, bio-products acquired 37% of the respondents, in 2013 already 47% -buy at least 1 time per month, 27% -at the earliest opportunity.21% of interviewees said that they wished to purchase such products more often.
With bio-products French link their ideas about healthy lifestyles.87% of respondents reported a positive impact on the environment Biosaline Agriculture, 85% -believe that it is better to consume natural foods that do not contain chemical additives, 78% -believe that organic products have a positive impact on health, 67% -say their high quality and 62% -believe that organic food tastes better.endly tailed st use of products not covered by organic technology.Only then begins to introduce a new system that does not allow the use of chemicals and protective measures that are not included in a special supplement.The entire production process chain is under constant supervision of the inspecting organization, which assigns each specific code of bio-products.Compulsory national or proprietary organic logos are also introduced.
To inform consumers need to specify the location where the organic food, including imported products bearing the logo of the European Union.Organic logo may be used only under the condition that 95% of the ingredients are organic food.Inorganic may contain an indication of the organic origin of the individual components only in their list.In the production of organic products is strictly prohibited the use of genetically mo-the modified organisms (GMOs).
Development of the production of environmentally friendly products abroad is not only on farms with organic techniques.Agricultural scientists take active part of this, economists, environmentalists, who spend extensive scientific studies on specific aspects of organic agriculture.Methodology of Foreign Studies is built mainly on a comparison of the performance of farms with environmental and intensive technologies (Popkova et al., 2013).
Environmental specialists believe that further intensification of agricultural production is not possible, as will bring irreparable damage to the environment.The report, prepared by the UK consultants PG Economics, noted that with the reduction of pesticide use negative impact on the environment in the cultivation of biological cultures was 14% lower than for growing crops on conventional technologies.According to the report, the cultivation of biological plants and significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.
But organic farming reduces the productivity of rural producers, productivity and efficiency.The extent of biological agriculture depends on the state policy in this area, in particular, on the manner and extent of state support (Rashidi & Keshavarzpour, 2011).
In the United States, due to changes in tax laws, rapidly growing production of ecologically pure milk -American farmers become profitable to produce this labor-intensive product.Since June 2007, according to the "Amendment Harvey" cows from which use organic milk, should receive 100% environmentally friendly food (previously permitted in feeding animals to use 20% of the forage crops grown in the traditional way).However, rising prices for bio-milk in this regard is not expected: the transition to entirely organic food from farmers requires additional costs that will be covered by the amounts released as a result of tax cuts (Greene & Dmitri, 2003).
Experts predict that over the next few years, the annual increase in demand for eko-milky products will remain at 25%.Major American manufacturers and wholesalers of dairy products -Dean Foods, Stonyfield Farm and Organic Valley -announced the production of new types of organic dairy products: milk powder, yogurt, ice cream and cheeses (Ottman, 1995).
In the UK, for example, payments to farmers engaged in organic farming, increased 2-fold, and in some countries is proposed to introduce a special tax on farmers using high doses of fertilizers and herbicides.The system of state support of agricultural enterprises in the European Union are the dominant elements of the grants based on the area of farmland and agricultural animal population, investment, social and other programs.Forms of state support of organic farming countries of Western Europe are presented in Table 1.In the world operates a number of organizations that are involved in development and management of agro-ecological.In the first place, it is IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) -The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, which unites more than 100 countries.The participants in this organization includes Russia.
One of the main ways to support organic farming is the establishment and improvement of eco-standards.However, today in the world there are no common standards in the field of organic farming (Kama, 2003).
The main types of environmental standards can be classified into three groups: a) international (intergovernmental framework) Standards: -International basic standards IFOAM; -Code of foods (Codex Alimentarius); b) regional operating standards (directives), the national standards: -EC Directive № 2092/91 "On environmental and agro-appropriate labeling of agricultural products and foodstuffs"; The purpose of the international standards group "A" is to harmonize the various certification programs to create a universal framework for environmental standards worldwide.Basic operating standards group "B" establish the basic environmental requirements that must be met in relation to product and process of production of the labeled and relevant market, ie regu-liruyut certain environmental markets (Ottman, 1998).
According to the environmental standards of the private group "C", a business entity can be carried out in two different ways.This means that some of the fields may be processed by the rules of organic production, and another -by conventional methods, i.e. with the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides.However, with few exceptions, the same culture cannot be grown ecological and conventional ways.Moreover, in this case, the production itself as well as certification of output power is complicated because of the many additional requirements of a clear division of production of conventional and organic food (Volosatova, 2006).

Conclusion
State support for producers of organic foods should be aimed not only at creating conditions for their production, but also the emergence of market structures that facilitate the implementation of environmentally friendly products.There is need for financial support to farmers producing organically grown foods, due to the appearance of additional costs during the transition period.In addition changes in technology crop in the early stages do not provide maintaining the same level of production and to some extent reduces the income.But the loss can be compensated for a higher price for its products.
Stimulating the production of organic foods is important not only in terms of saturation of the food market food products having certain characteristics, but also in terms of the orientation of agricultural production on the use of environment-friendly technologies for growing crops.Such techniques are widely used overseas.In Russia, a long time production of organic foods and appropriate technologies attention has not been given.Currently our country attempts to put into production of environmentally safe methods and techniques of growing crops.
All they purport to exclude or minimize the use of chemicals.Stimulating the production of organic foods is important not only in terms of saturation of the food market food products having certain characteristics, but also in terms of the orientation of agricultural production on the use of environment-friendly technologies for growing crops.Such technologies are widely used overseas. Figur

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American National Organic Program "NOC" USDA; -Ecological farming program planning in Canada (EFP); -Program of Canada's food safety and quality (CFCQP); -Organic Program Australia; -Japanese Agricultural Standard for organic products (Standard JAS); -Standards of Switzerland; -Standards of the Czech Republic ("Guidelines for organic farming" of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic), and others.Countries; c) private standards of ecological production, they are more than 260.

Table 1 .
State support for organic agriculture in Western EuropeFor environmentally oriented enterprises are additional measures of state support at different levels -European, national (domestic) and municipal.Thus, the state can support environmental inspection, service of eko-consulting, sales and supply organizations, environmental and seed breeding farms, research institutions, associations, partnerships and special programs of ecological agriculture.