Benchmarking Case Study, Applying Sustainable -Eco-Building Assessment Method (SEBAM) in Greater Khartoum, Comparing with Global Systems

This sample was taken as benchmarking in (Abdelmoneim, H., 2019) which has got the higher points comparing with all the other samples studied in this research, is chosen for global assessment approach an excellent solution for the sustainable-eco-building assessment method (SEBAM). This study aims is to present and analyses a benchmarking case study for sustainable eco-buildings in Greater Khartoum is the capital of Sudan, one of The greatest countries in north Africa. The methodology is applying global assessment method to this case study, which is LEED, BREEAM, AGBC, ESTIDAMA and GSAS then compare the result with the local system came up of (Abdelmoneim, H., 2019), sustainable eco-building assessment method to evaluate residential buildings (SEBAM) to justify the results. The comparison is done in this research in the main categories and results. The outcomes show differences rather than similarities this will be discussed in the paper and come up by conclusion and recommendations.


Introduction
The location of the case study is in South East Khartoum city, the climate is a hot dry climate. This house was built in Geraif West Neighbourhood in Khartoum city; it was built in the late nineties. It attempted to demonstrate several features of significance to the designer. See figure 1 showing the location of the case study at Khartoum the capital of Sudan. the relationship between building design and the surrounding environment. Specifically, a building should present a balanced and congruency with the surrounding environment in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects to achieve the sustainability goals and comfort for a human being. (Ibrahim, 1987).
The main principles of sustainable design, as presented in Table 1, are considered as the minimum standard to be followed for sustainable design.
The Leader in Energy and Environment (LEED, 2020) announced six main categories of sustainable design, which are the sustainable site, indoor environmental quality, energy, water, material, and innovation. (GSAS, 2020) focuses on urban connectivity, Site, Energy, Water, Materials, Outdoor environment, Culture & economic value. (BREEAM, 2020) BREEAM focuses on land use and land ecology, energy, water, material, health and wellbeing, transport, material, waste pollution and innovation. Royal Institute of British Architects' (RIBA), 2010) recommended land and ecology, community, health, materials, energy, and water as essential to sustainable design. Kubba (2010) and Fower (2006) Discussed these issues in "The Leader in Energy and Environment "LEED Practices.
Bromberek, (2009) discussed the principles of designing eco-resorts. The principles of eco-resort meet with the principles of the eco neighbourhood in site selection, landscaping, construction, energy management, water management, waste management and climatic performance. Barrows, (2009) presented the complete guidelines to green building. The guidelines for green buildings include constructions, planning phase, building materials, water, energy, lighting, roofs, floors, walls, windows, indoor air quality, outdoor, shades, green fencing, green lighting, green decking and green pool. Sassi, (2006) and Van, (2009) published a book in 1996, the title of its second part is "The Ecological Design Process". They discussed the principles of ecological design, which are: solutions grow from the place, ecological accounting informs design, design with nature, everyone is a designer, and make nature visible. (Su, 2016) published a paper in IECC, International conference in Environmental and Climatic Change Comparison of field measurement CFD simulation is implemented to recreate thermal conditions of two buildings in both seasons. To evaluate the field measurement results in natural ventilation effect at the atrium, with the air velocity. (Alwetaishi, 2018) published a paper in IECC International conference in Environmental and Climatic Change in France. The paper concentrated in the passive solutions and stated that it is one way to ensure low building energy, the researcher applied Thermal Analysis Simulation (TAS) will be utilized which is powered by Environmental Design process. (UN-HABITAT, 2016) the report presented at the 3rd International Conference for housing and sustainable planning. The report covered most of the points of UN sustainable development goals about Sudan. (Zuhal, November 2018) published paper in International conference and the built environment in London Zuhal discussed the low coast housing in Greater Khartoum, in New Deims, El Shabyia, Al Iskan the Project, Elthora hara and compare in size, area, design type , and house type. (Zuhal, 2014) published paper in The Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainabilty in Old Neighbourhoods)-A Case Study of Aburoof Neighbourhood in Sudan showing the opportunities of the sustainable community. Khalil (2014) published paper about PhD research in sustainable tools in Khartoum Projects. Khalil (2014) used LEED-ND, BREEAM, and CASBEE systems for his study and discussed that his study reflects the social and economic needs of Greater Khartoum. He furthermore suggested to include energy, natural system, materials, society, services, business and creative design in evaluating sustainable projects in Greater Khartoum. Abdelmoneim, H., (2016) published a paper in JSD about comparison in four global systems showing and analysing the main categories of the global systems with their weighings. In addition Abdelmoneim, H., (2016) Published paper in JSD about the local sustainable-eco-building SEBAM come out of PhD research to be applied in Greater Khartoum in Sudan.

Definition of Eco Buildings
Specifically, eco-building concentrates on the passive solutions, which uses natural solutions in design without mechanical means, such as ventilation, building orientation, natural light, improve air movement, use of local building material and the use of natural resources in energy, water, and material. All these issues will be discussed in this chapter. The meaning of eco-homes can be derived from the term 'eco', which finds its origin in the Greek root 'Oikos', meaning 'household'. The Greek root has two meanings: the sense of 'ecological' relationships between organisms in nature, and 'economics' relationships with the use of 'resources. Additionally, the idea also pertains to the use of new knowledge, materials and renewable technologies to create buildings and refers to the new vernacular aimed at minimizing the adverse environmental impacts of the buildings (Hyde, 2008). Diverse environmental impacts can be measured using new methodologies for counting the environmental costs of buildings, the first eco House in the UK. 3.4 To find out an applicable solution from the local system applied the SEBAM (Abdelmoneim, H., 2019) and (Abdelmoneim, H., 2020) contain eight main categories see Table 1, Figure 1.

Introduction to the Case Study
In this case, the keywords were environment, traditions and modernity. Great consideration was hence given to orientation and shading and to the passive solution.
The location of the case study is in Khartoum middle, Gerif west. The plot area is 400 m 2, the house has a square plan, in the ground floor the main reception, kitchen, office room, in the first floor the bedrooms and family hall. The climate is detailed in 1.1 page 2.
Natural ventilation was made easier by the intrinsically narrow plan and the open multi-level interior. A windcatcher further accentuated this and underground brick ducts for supplying cool filtered air. Small high-level openings siphoned the hot air and enhanced convectional currents. The incorporation of plants in the interior was combined with a water sprinkling system for irrigation and climate modification. Solar energy provided the backup supply for lighting and low-demand appliances as well as Water: It is from the National Grid; water efficiency is 70%; which indicates a shortage of water supply. Drainage system: septic tank and well. Energy: supplied from the National Grid, energy is generated through hydropower. The structure is a composite reinforcement concrete. Frame and brick load-bearing walls system. The frame constitutes a stiff core holding brick vaults and combating the resulting lateral forces. The area framed by the RC skeleton receded upwards from the ground level to the first level, leaving the third level for loadbearing walls. Perpendicular vaults acting as buttresses framing openings and casting shadows further assist this. The interior is softly rendered and made very simple and open. It accommodates artwork, feature panels and sometimes purposely designed furniture.

The Methodology
The methodology is applying global assessment method to this case study, which is LEED, BREEAM, AGBC, ESTIDAMA and GSAS then comparing the results with the local system sustainable-eco-building assessment method to evaluate residential buildings (SEBAM) to justify the results.
The global systems were well known and detailed in (Abdelmoneim, H., 2016) and SEBAM were detailed in (Abdelmoneim, H., 2020). in (Abdelmoneim, H., 2020).       Source: Adapted by the researcher.  Source: Adapted by the researcher. Note that the results by the global systems and the local system SEBAM are nearly to each other there is some differences in details and weight. Figure 1, Table 1 showing the results of SEBAM it is 50%, while Figure 2, Table  2 showing the result of Australia GB it is 50%, in addition to that Table 3, Figure 3 showing the result of BREEAM it is 51 points, also Figure 4, Table 4 showing the results of LEED it is 51 points, Figure 5, Table 5showing the result of ESTEDAMA it is 65 points (2 pearls) finally; Table 6, Figure 6 showing the result of GSAS it is 36 (2 stars). Figure 7 and figure 8 concluded the results.

Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS)
Although the results are near to each other, but there are still differences in the details and weighing according to the details because of the local environment and social and economic differences.

Discussion of the Results
The case study was analyzed first by the research method of assessment, the applied the solutions found are the good accessibility, parking with cover shed, concrete structure, bricks, glass and aluminium. Not applied solutions such as GBCA: None BREEAM: applied all, LEED did not apply environmental tobacco control, green cleaning, occupant comfort, ESTIDAMA not applied thermal comfort control, thermal comfort modelling and, GSAS: applied all.
Addition of New categories such as GBCA: emissions, innovations, but BREEAM added health wellbeing, transportation, waste, pollution, innovation, on the other hand, LEED added innovation, regional priority, but ESTIDAMA added integrated design process, natural system, innovation. On the other hand, GSAS added urban connectivity, culture value, management and operation.
There are fixed 5 main categories between these global assessment methods which are: sustainable site, indoor environment quality, building material, water efficiency, energy efficiency, on the other hand, each system added additional categories like GBCA added management and ecological category and emission. ESTIDAMA added integrated development process, livable community and innovation. LEED added innovation and regional priority. BREEAM added health wellbeing, transport, waste, pollution and innovation. GSAS added urban connectivity, culture value and management. Because of these additional categories and different sub-issues, the result was varying from system to another: The conclusion from the analysis of "one case study" by the global systems are different variation in the result: GBCA (63, five STAR), BREEAM (68, very good), LEED (60, gold). GSAS (5 stars), ESTIDAMA (3 pearls). For all not applied solutions, the reasons are educational and economic reasons. Solutions need to be educated like green star certified professional, LEED-certified design, by having workshops or continuous educations courses in specific assessment methods. Solutions not applied for its highly expensive solutions like energy -efficient transportation system. It is very important to study their local environmental, special, technological conditions in the local environment in Greater Khartoum and apply economical solutions suitable to local environmental, social and economic value. The research method of assessment studied the conditions of Greater Khartoum in chapter three and added three categories suitable to local environmental social and economic conditions, detailed by the passive solutions can be applied in our houses, which are, building form, outdoor environment and sustainable design process to add educational value.

Conclusions
The conclusion from the analysis of "one case study" by the global systems are different variation in the result: The proposed research method of assessment SEBAM (50 points), GBCA (63, 5 stars), BREEAM (66, very good), LEED (58, silver). GSAS (2 stars), ESTIDAMA (2 pearls) because of the difference in the main categories and sub-issues to achieve their local goals in the environment, culture, social and economic value. On the followings, the researcher discusses the result to find out the applicable solutions to Greater Khartoum and not applicable solutions to highlight them as global challenges.

Site and Management
The research come-out of the need to apply solutions such as GBCA: building information, commitment to performance, metering and monitoring, construction environmental management.
BREEAM: site selection, ecological value. LEED: building exterior and hard cape management plan, erosion control, alternative transportation, heat island effect and lighting control. ESTIDAMA: improved outdoor thermal comfort, private outdoor space, public transportation, parking space, lighting control. GSAS: transportation load, proximity to the existing district, solid waste management.

Water Facilities
The research Applied solutions in water facilities such as GBCA: Portable water. BREEAM: water consumption, monitoring and efficient equipment. LEED: Plumbing factor, water-efficient landscape. ESTIDAMA: water use reduction. GSAS: water consumption.

Energy
The research applied solutions in energy efficiency such as GBCA: Greenhouse gas emissions, peak electricity reduction. BREEAM: Reduction of energy use, energy monitoring, external lighting, low carbon design, energy efficient transportation system. LEED: energy-efficiency, energy metering. ESTEDAMA: renewable energy. GSAS: energy delivery performance.

Material
The research applied solutions in the material such as GBCA: Responsible building materials, construction and demolition waste. BREEAM: Responsible sourcing of materials, insulation, design for durability, material efficiency, hard landscaping and boundary protection. LEED: sustainable purchasing, sustainable furniture, sustainable food. ESTIDAMA: Non-polluting material, design for flexibility, modular flooring system, design for durability, recycling materials, waste management. GSAS: regional material, responsible sourcing materials, recycled materials.

Indoor Environment
The research Applied solutions an indoor environment such as GBCA: indoor air quality, acoustic comfort, lighting comfort, visual comfort, indoor pollutants, thermal comfort. BREEAM: None. LEED: Best management practice, control lighting, daylight and view, sustainable cleaning equipment, chemical control. ESTIDAMA: ventilation quality, materials emissions, indoor air quality, thermal zone, views, daylight, noise control, secure environment.

GSAS: None
New categories added by the global systems GBCA: emissions, innovations. BREEAM: health wellbeing, transportation, waste, pollution, innovation. LEED: Innovation, the regional priority. ESTIDAMA: integrated design process, natural system, innovation. GSAS: urban connectivity, culture value, management and operation There are fixed 5 main categories between these global assessment methods which are: sustainable site, indoor environment quality, building material, water efficiency, energy efficiency, on the other hand, each system added additional categories like GBCA added management and ecological category and emission. ESTIDAMA added integrated development process, livable community and innovation. LEED added innovation and regional priority. BREEAM added health wellbeing, transport, waste, pollution and innovation. GSAS added urban connectivity, culture value and management because of these additional categories and different sub-issues. The result was varying from system to another: The conclusion from the analysis of "one the case study" by the global systems are different variation in the result: GBCA (63, five STAR), BREEAM (68, very good), LEED (60, gold). GSAS (5 stars), ESTIDAMA (3 pearls).
For all not applied solutions, the reasons are educational and economic. Solutions need to be carefully selected; like green star certified professional, LEED-certified design, by having workshops or continuous educational courses in specific assessment methods. Solutions are not applied for its highly expensive solutions; like energyefficient transportation system. It is very important to study our local environmental, special, technological conditions in the local environment in Greater Khartoum and apply economical solutions that are suitable to the local environmental, social and economic value. The research method of assessment studied the conditions of Greater Khartoum in chapter three and added three categories suitable to local environmental social and economic conditions, detailed by the passive solutions can be applied in their houses, which are, building forms, outdoor environment and sustainable design process to add educational value.

Recommendations
The case study was analyzed by the proposed research method of assessment (SEBAM) and by the five global assessment methods, which are GBCA, BREEAM, LEED, ESTIDAMA, GSAS to find out the global challenges in applying the sustainable assessment methods in Greater Khartoum.

Site and Management
-The case studied added three categories suitable to local environmental, social and economic conditions, detailed by the passive solutions can be applied in their houses, which are; building form, outdoor environment and sustainable design process to add educational value.