The Effectiviness of Organic Method for Increasing the Productivity of Oil Palm That Is Infected by Ganoderma

The usage of organic fertilizer is expected to help developing organic plantation so that it can produce organic CPO and other organic derivate. Our study used organic fertilizer SUPER MOAF (Multi Organic Alkali Fertilizer), biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS (Colony Highly Invasive Protection System) that is manufactured by PT. Propadu Konair Tarahubun. We conducted this study in 7 different plantation: Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block K and L with the plantation year of 2011; Kecamatan Bila Hilir, North Sumatra block DO and CO with the plantation year of 2011; Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block J and I with the plantation year of 2010; Kecamatan Long Iklis, East Kalimantan block 26 and 27 with the plantation year in 2002; Kecamatan Sei Kijang, Riau block M12 and N12 with the plantation year of 2005; Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block F and H with the plantation year of 2009; Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, North Sumatra block R and M with the plantation year of 2006. All plantation is given the same treatment: nonorganic fertilizer in control block (L, CO, I, 27, N12, H, and M) and switching from using Non-organic fertilizer to MOAF organic fertilizer in experiment block (K, DO, J, 26, M12, F, and R), this study is conducted for 4-5 years (2014-2018). The switching from nonorganic fertilizer to organic fertilizer is done in 2015, except for the oil palm that the plantation year is in 2011 is done in 2016. After switching from Non-organic to organic fertilizer, in the experiment blocks, show increasing of production (26.47%-88.33%) per Ha meanwhile the control block show increasing of production (4.21%-38.76%) per Ha. Fertilizer is given to the tree that has infected by disease, damaged, and have to be replanted because of Ganoderma invasion. Using MOAF organic method can also increase the production approximately 64.34%-110.77% from PPKS production standard in palm oil that has been infected by Ganoderma. Using MOAF fertilizer, biopesticide, and biofungiside CHIPS are not only recovering the palm oil that is expected to collapse soon because of Ganoderma infection but also maximize the production that is similar to healthy palm oil. Organic method is an efficient and effective way to help increasing the production of palm oil and environmental sustainability even in Ganoderma infection condition.

in increasing oil palm production is the disease that infected the stem root (Ganoderma boninense) (Susanto, 2002). This infection can directly cause the loss of palm oil production and lower the weight of fresh fruit bunches (Susanto, 2005).
Maintenance is one of the most important factor to high productivity and fertilizer play important role in it. Fertilization given has to ensure the vegetative and generative growth to be normal so that production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is optimal and high quality and quantity of palm oil can be produced (Adiwiguna, 2007). Organic fertilizer has the benefit such as environment friendly, abundant nutrient content, and make good impact in growth and the productivity of oil palm (Mawardi et al., 2012). Fertilization effectiveness is directly link to the amount of nutrient that can be absorbed and fertilization is considered effective if it increases production (Tarigan, 2013). Thus, the aim of the research is to make known of the effectiveness of organic method in increasing production and the ability of organic method to help the survival of oil palm while infected by Ganoderma.

Materials
This study is conducted in 14 block of area of 7 different oil palm plantation that located in multiple regions in Indonesia with the area total of 33.93 Ha and block L (control) with the area of 31. 95

Fertilization, Dosage, and Type of Nonorganic Fertilizer and Chemical Pesticide (Control Block)
Nonorganic fertilizer given in each control block is made of the combination of different type of nonorganic fertilizer and dosages. Fertilization in done twice per year, the first fertilization is done in early rainy season between September to November and the second fertilization is done in the end of rainy season between March to April.

Switching From Nonorganic Fertilizer to Organic Fertilizer
Switching from nonorganic to organic fertilizer MOAF is to measure the increase in the production using organic method. The switching is done from 2015 to 2018 for oil palm plantation with the plantation year of 2011, as for oil palm with the plantation year of 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2010 is done from 2014 to 2018. Switching to organic fertilizer MOAF is not done simultaneously because of the difference of plantation year of the oil palm that is used in this study. Moreover, oil palm starts to produce from the third year, so switching to organic fertilizer MOAF is done in 2015 to clearly see the changes in production.

Data Analysis Method
Data of fresh fruit bunches production is being collected every year. Then, data is analyzed using T dependent test.

Result and Discussion
After application of MOAF organic fertilizer in the block that previously used nonorganic fertilizer, show increasing in productivity compared to the block that continue using nonorganic fertilizer. Study is done in oil palm, plantation year 2011, using organic fertilizer MOAF from 2015 to 2018, meanwhile oil palm with plantation years 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2010, using organic fertilizer MOAF from 2014 to 2018. Fertilization during production period is to fulfill nutrient need so that production of fresh fruit bunches is optimal and increase immunity to pest and disease. Four significant steps in fertilization are right amount or dosage, right time, and right way of applying fertilizer. Choosing type of fertilizer and dosages given have to consider several factors such as: leaf analysis, age of the plant, physical condition, soil, climate, cost, and production target (Sunarko, 2012). After root analysis, size and shape of the fertilizer is adjusted so that it is easier to be absorbed. Dosage that is given is lower than the one in nonorganic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer MOAF is environment friendly because it does not cause chemical reaction that can damage soil, plant, and flora normal, moreover, it does not contain harmful chemical substances, prolong plantation age, and increase production of oil palm. Application of nonorganic fertilizer and organic Fertilizer MOAF has a different impact in oil palm productivity.
With organic fertilizer MOAF, during the study, show differences in production to more than 5000 kg/ha/year compared to nonorganic fertilizer with the same area and plantation year. The significant differences in the production is because using organic fertilizer can increase nutrient originally from soil that directly link to C-organic contents in the organic fertilizer so adequate nutrient can be absorbed by the plant. Usage of organic material is one the way to increase the oil palm production. Moreover, organic material can neutralize organic acid that is toxic, increasing pH, maintaning growth, and increasing the production of oil palm (Mawardi et al., 1999). Moreover, high N elemental content show influences in increasing the amount of leaves so that photosynthesis is optimal (Elisabeth et al., 2014). Pahan (2008) stated that good fertilizer must have main nutrient content, additional nutrient, how the fertilizer react with soil, and fertilizer sensitivity to weather. MOAF fertilizer has a criteria to be a good organic fertilizer. Acccording to FAO (1994)

Pathogen-free
Main purpose of fertilization is to ensure optimal nutrient to support the growth of the plant so increasing in the production can be obtained. Efficient way of fertilization is that to give the exact size and dosage of fertilizer, the right way, and in the right time according to the need and the growth spurt of the plants (Tarigan, 2013). In this case, organic fertilizer MOAF have Smart Response technology, which it is prepared to cooperate with the roots and easily absorbed by the root, moreover, this technology can actively response to the need of the plants do that it can control the nutrient released. Auto Adapt Release technology, where nutrient released is based on weather-control, so at the drought season, nutrition can be released optimal and during rainy season, nutrition is not over released (Wigena, 2009 . Increasing in production in each area were significantly high, it showed that organic fertilizer MOAF can maximize the productivity of palm oil although the condition itself is not that good. According to Winarna (2009), one of the ways to increase effectiveness and efficiency is to continue fertilization and accurate choices of fertilizer type and dosage such as organic fertilizer is to be made (Wigena, 2009). Accurate fertilization can ensure the sufficient and the balance in oil palm nutrient so that it can produce optimal fresh fruit bunches and good quality of oil. Organic material can repair the physical, chemical, and biological of soil, moreover it can increase the capacity of water, cation exchange capacity, porocity, pH, and it can help to trigger the growth of microorganism in soil (Leszczynska & Malina, 2011).
The highest increasing productivity was found in palm oil with plantation year of 2011 in Kec.langgam, Riau: block K has increasing productivity that reaches 88.33% and in Kec. Bila Hilir, North Sumatra block DO has increasing productivity that reach 78.05%. Meanwhile, the lowest increasing productivity was found in palm oil with plantation year of 2002 in Kec. Long Iklis, East Kalimantan, block 26 (26.74%), palm oil with plantation year of 2005, and in Kec. Sei Kijang, Riau block M12 (29.33%). However, increasing in production is still higher than the area that uses nonorganic fertilizer, in Kec. Long Iklis, East Kalimatan, block 27 (8.28%) and in Kec. Sei Kijang, Riau, block N12 (4.21%). In order to reach such high productivity, nutrient such as N, P, K, Mg, and B are needed in most soil (Ng, 1997). Deficiency of this nutrient can lower the production (Woittiez et al., 2017), but nutrient criteria and end production depend on the type of soils (Goh, 2005) and plants necessity (Ollivier et al., 2017).
Low increasing productivity in Kec. Long Iklis, East Kalimantan and Kec. Sei Kijang, Riau was caused by soil saturation that is linked to nonorganic fertilizer that has been given for years. Novizan (2001) stated that if nonorganic fertilizer is given continuously, it will have impact in soil fertility because it can damage soil structure, lower the soil pH, disrupt natural organism, and the water quality on the surface. Specifically, soil play important role in the growth of the plants (Greenland & Szaboles, 1994). The main reason how nonorganic fertilizer can damage the soil is the nutrient that is wasted because overdosage of nonorganic fertilizer in given.
According to World Bank (2020), Indonesia plans to double the CPO production to 40 million ton per year and will expand 4 million hectare for plantation area. Expanding the plantation area will have impact in the forest area in Indonesia, it will takeover the primary forest to be palm oil plantation. Organic fertilizer can increase the productivity so it can reach productivity target, preserve soil, and palm oil so it can produce for long time, moreover, it can increase productivity without expanding plantation area so primary forest can still be preserved and ecosystem sustainability can be maintained.  Inspite of damaging soil, nonorganic fertilizer need higher cost than organic fertilizer MOAF, the higher cost of the fertilizer, automatically increase the maintenance cost of the plantation, because 40-60% of the total cost is for fertilizer while 24% of total cost is for plant maintenance (Adiwiganda, 2007). Nonorganic fertilizer tend to has higher maintenance cost so it can lower the plantation profit, while using organic fertilizer MOAF, it has higher productivity with lower maintenance cost, so higher profit for the plantation can be obtained.  High maintenance cost with MOAF method is because of biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS. Palm oil that is infected by Ganoderma, with the biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS, prove to be able to control the disease so that palm oil can recover and continue to produce, compared to using chemical pesticide that caused the death of palm oil. High maintenance cost using MOAF method can be compensated with the high production compared to the production using nonorganic method that tends to lower productivity. Accurate dosage is based on the nutrient balance, so that the nutrient given is not too much and can be used by the plant optimally. Unaccurate dosage not only can cause the growth retardation in the plant but also a waste in labor and cost. Consideration in fertilization is not enough if only considering the soil condition but the principle of the plantation such as accurate dosage, type of fertilizer, and way in giving is important to consider (Ruhnayat, 2007).

Comparison of Maintenance Cost Using Nonorganic and Organic Fertilizer
The other factor that cause higher maintenance cost is the manual way to clean the plant disk, while non-organic tend to use herbicide. Organic method is done for environment-friendly purpose, as we know that using herbicide can pollute soil, water, air, and even cause disease in labor, moreover, it can also effect consumer from the end-product produced. MOAF fertilizer, biopesticide, and biofungiside do not contain any harmful chemical substances that can cause pollution. Plantation that use organic method in maintenance prove to have higher income that reach 10% compared to using nonorganic method in maintenance, in addition, organic method can ensure quality of the production and maintain the plant to continue grow and produce for longer time. A comparison is made between productivity of oil palm in this study that used organic fertilizer to PPKS production (%), it showed that MOAF fertilizer production was 64.4%-110.77% while u sing nonorganic fertilizer was 45.88-92.33%. Production percentage was higher in using MOAF fertilizer than in nonorganic fertilizer even surpassed the standard production of PPKS. PPKS is research center that have so much contribution in developing palm oil in Indonesia and production based on plantation year is used as a standard in defining success in plantation. The remarkable of using MOAF fertilizer in this study is that the plant condition itself is infected by Ganoderma, did not able to produce, and is to be replanted but using MOAF organic fertilizer combined with biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS, able to produce well and even equal to healthy palm oil.
Like other plants, palm oil is susceptible to some diseases such as stem rot. Ganoderma infection associated with plantation age has an important role in the productivity, based on the data, the older the plant, the faster the infection spread and affect vegetative and generative growth of palm oil. CHIPS has antagonist agent to Ganoderma that it can inhibit the growth of Ganoderma, moreover it can help the vegetative and generative growth of oil palm.
Stem rot disease cause low production of oil palm and lower fresh fruit bunch production. The damage can reached 80-100% even cause the death of the plant (Yulianti, 2001). Biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS can minimize Ganoderma infection because it contain antagonist agent that can control the growth and the spread of Ganoderma.

Conclusion
It showed that MOAF organic fertilizer, biopesticide, and biofungiside CHIPS are a solution for palm oil plantation intensification, with high productivity, it can be a solution in p reventing functional shifting in primary forest to be oil palm plantation. Increase in production that is 30% higher than non-organic fertilizer is proven in this study.