Analysis on the Factors Influencing the International Technology Transfer Based on ISM Model

The technology is not only an indispensable element involved in international trade, but also an important factor affecting the comparative advantage and trade patterns in international trade. Based on predecessors’ research and practice experience, this dissertation selects 20 factors to study the influencing factors, such as international technology transfer, the construction of infrastructure, the complexity of technological progress, economic development level and so on. By using the ISM model, the paper studies the correlation and gradation of influencing factors of international technology transfer. The analysis indicates there are 4 direct factors on surface and. 6 factors on path: the applicability and negotiability of the technology, international technology transfer intermediary. 3 direct factors: the construction of infrastructure. 5 indirect factors: environment changes of international economy, the complexity of technological progress. 2 factors in deep roots: economic development level and changes of industrial structure. Based on this, the paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from five aspects. Meanwhile, it provides certain references to improve the international technology transfer level, promote using international technology transfer to improve technology level, and upgrade the industrial structure.


Introduce the Problem
Stewart thought technology is a internal power. Knowledge, procedure for production, usage even any useful proposal (Du, 2012).The definition of technical transfer is that technology is transmitted from one field, sector, industry to another. While occurring in counties (areas), called international technical transfer. Viewing "international competition report published by IMD, Chinese technical overall ranking has on average and below, exactly off 20 th (Li, 2012). China has dominated worldwide international trade from 2013, so how to apply international technical transfer to lift our technical level is of particular importance.

Explore Importance of the Problem
The technology has been playing an important role in finalization of international trade pattern with the development of society from new classical growth theory. It is saying that technical progress is the essential element in growth model at first, according to Paul's new economic growth theory M. Romer regards technical development as endogenous power of economic growth. According to Posner theory that technology is the independent production factor. Whereas from 1980s, new-new trade theory focused on technological spillovers effects during international trade. The technical transfer has become key factor in overseas business. Technology is both essential element for involving international trade and important unit to impact overseas business comparative interest and trade pattern. so on and effecting factors to international technical transfer in domestic and overseas. Generally, the method to research effecting factors is to set up evaluation index system after information gathering and weight definition. While the weight decision is a little subjective and probabilistic because of different time and different area, which will affect the accuracy of empirical analysis. Some indicators are hardly measured according to existing data. The ISM model can eliminate subjectivity from valuator and avoid incomplete evaluation caused by data missing (Zhang et al., 2014). Warfield (1976) proposed the ISM system during analysis intricate society and economy, which is that graph theoretic approach and matrix transformation can change complicated social economic system to stratified one via elimination redundant parts. Amy (2010) uses ISM model to hierarchically divide technical transfer indicator from equipment suppliers and uses ANP model to appraise technical transfer effects from equipment manufacturer. Ali Diabat and Kannan Govindan (2011) uses ISM model with driving and dependent performance to divide influencing factors of green supply chain management. Bian qing (2013) divides ISM model into traditional ISM, network ISM, ISM based on driving and dependent characteristics and applies ISM with driving and dependent characteristics to study fee of nuclear station construction. There are lots of experts to research influencing factors to international technology transfer.
Wang Blomstrum (1992) come to conclusion that the degree of market competition in the host country has a positive effect ion on foreign technology ea specially on the foreign investment midnight technology. The degree of market competition shows a positive inverted U relationship with international technology transfer. Sharmila Vishwasrao has the idea that low marketing competition intensity is in favor of international technology transfer. Wang and Blomstrum (1992) thinks when the marketing competition is almost in monopolistic stage, the surge of marketing competition accelerates the technical transfer. Teece (1977) realizes that cost of technical transfer advantage is fairly high, and it never occurs provided that switch profit is lower than transfer cost after studing 26 technical transfer projects . Lijuan Zhou (2005) insists that economic globalization is the important factor to improve international technical transfer, whereas transnational corporations is the connection link for globalization and technical transfer, the economic globalization creates and develops many globalization corporations, and transnational corporations stimulate technical development of host countries by import equipment, introduction advance technology, procurement materials. Xi Chen (2010) holds that factors of investment countries and host countries are the essential units to affect FDI technology spillover effect, infrastructure level, investment policy, human resource, industrial association, technical difference and so on are the important influenece. Zhu guilong and Li weimin (2004) analyzed that the influencing factor of international technical transfer in China considering from technology supplier, technology receiver, government, technical ability, technology transfer barrier, technology transfer channel and other aspects after research foreign-investment enterprise in pearl river delta area. Wang kun (2005) believes that constraints of international technical transfer includes technical nationality, technical protectionism, technical barrier, in-available utility of development governments etc. Yan lingfang (2007) thinks that the lower stock quantity and the quality of human capital has the negative effects to absorb technological spillovers from transnational corporation.
The results of existing research is valuable and significant to analyze effect factors of international technical transfer, improve technical process, adjustment of industrial structure of our country, while there are some deficiencies including weighting some factors, little deep excavation, lack of system and hierarchy.

Identify Subsections(ISM Model)
Interpretative Structural Model Method which is short for ISM, raised by professor in USA back on 1973, widely used in modern systemic project by digraph, adjacent matrix and rechable matrix to hierarchial and related dealt with non sequence static system, to analyze interconnection.  Transnational corporation 10 S10 International technical transfer type 11 S11 Government strategy and policy 12 S12 Laws and acts 13 S13 Human resources 14 S14 The incomplete of market and uncertainty of information 15 S15 Infrastructural 16 S16 Technical gap 17 18 19 20 S17 S18 S19 S20 economic openness Marketing competition Technology lifecycle Cultural tradition The above 20 effect factors are research objectives.

Discussion
Technical transfer type, human resources, the output willing and ability of technical supplier and government strategy and policy are directly layer factors from diagram 2. Technical application and negotiability, technical transfer intermediary, acceptance ability of international technology, international companies, laws and acts, the level of marketing competition are acting path layer. Infrastructure construction, technical gap, economic openness, international economic environment change, technological progress complexity, the uncertainty of market incompleteness, technology life cycle and cultural tradition are basic layer; Infrastructure construction, technical gap, economic openness are direct action layer, international economic environment change, technological progress complexity, the uncertainty of market incompleteness, technology life cycle and cultural tradition are indirect action layer. The economic development level and the changes of industrial structure are deep factors, while the economic development level is the most key factor.

Surface Direct Influenced Factors
Technical transfer type, human resources, the output willing and ability of technical supplier and government strategy and policy are surface layer direct factors. Back on 1960's , Schultz and Becker put forward human resource theory. Higher of human capital level, better to digest absorb and re-innovate of technology. Only technical advantages from technology supplier compared with technology acceptor and the technical transfer profits are higher than transfer cost, realized technical transfer is. Govern strategy and policy will affect technical transfer appearance, technical transfer field and regional selection. So govern strategy and policy and the output willing and ability of technical supplier will affect international transfer type. The correct selection of international technical transfer type and the improvement of our human capital quantities and quality will decide the technical transfer results.

Effect Factors of Action Layer
Technical application and negotiability, technical transfer intermediary, acceptance ability of international technology, international companies, laws and acts, the level of marketing competition are acting path layer. Technical application and negotiability must apply with our real condition. The low level technical and high energy consumption technology can not fit our development. The more complete of international technical transfer medium, higher level of market, that will be good for the technical transfer come-up. Our acceptance technical ability is direct proportion with technical transfer affect. With complete laws and actions, improving intellectual property protection, the technical transfer and spillover is more obvious. The marketing competition is active force to international technical transfer. More serious competition, faster speed of international transfer, more willing supplier will take the marketing action to transfer the international technology.
More complete laws and actions, higher connection with the world, and more serious competition, the international companies will tend to take the commercial action to transfer the technology. The globalization and regional election system will affect international technical transfer progress. Complexity of technical progress will block whole technology transfer and weaken technical transfer.

The Basic Effective Factors
The factors of economic development and industrial structure belong to deep root ones, while the level of economic development is the most basic reason.

Research Conclusion and Policy Enlightenment
Generally, international technical transfer, definitely transnational technical transfer will be affected by global economic environment. Secondly, international technical transfer is the commercial marketing action, which will be effected by our marketing factors. It is mainly shown by our marketing competitiveness. Moreover, technical transfer will be turned into enterprise economy action finally, which will be influenced by acceptance technical ability, human resources in micro layer. Marketing environment factors mainly effect technical transfer's objective willing (Hu, 2004).
Using ISM Model, by statistics analysis, which has a very good agreement with the experimental data, we got international technical transfer effects and its' incidence relation and layer instruction.
The results prove that international technical transfer method, human resource, the willing of technical supplier, the government strategy and policy, those are surface direct factors; the technical applicability and negotiability, international technical transfer medium, receptivity of international technology, transnational company, laws and actions, marketing competition degree are acting layer. Infrastructure construction, technical gap, economic openness, international economic environment change, technological progress complexity, the uncertainty of market incompleteness, technology life cycle and cultural tradition are base layer; Infrastructure construction, technical gap, economic openness are direct action layer, international economic environment change, technological progress complexity, the uncertainty of market incompleteness, technology life cycle and cultural tradition are indirect action layer. Economic development level and the change of industrial structure are deep level, while economic development level is the deepest factor.