Role of Intellectual Capital on the Organizational Performance of Electrical and Electronic SMEs in Pakistan

Intellectual capital is a prime strategic asset for organizations in a knowledge based economy. In a knowledge based economy it is indispensible for organizations to indentify, maximize and utilize their intellectual capital to stay in a competitive environment. The main crux of this paper is to examine the relationship of intellectual capital with organizational performance of electrical and electronics SMEs operating in manufacturing sector in Pakistan. This research is conducted in two cities of “Golden Tri Angle�? namely Gujrat and Gujranwala in Pakistan. Convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. Structured questionnaires were administrated as a research instrument to collect data from respondents. Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to test the relationship between components of intellectual capital and organizational performance. This is the first study that focused on small and medium enterprises in Pakistan to examine the relationship of intellectual capital with organizational performance.

Pakistan's manufacturing sector can be divided into two sectors that are large scale manufacturing units and small scale manufacturing units. Electrical and electronics SMEs operating in manufacturing sector are considered as high tech industries. The role of electrical and electronics (E&E) SMEs in Pakistan particularly in small scale manufacturing sector is very important and has major contribution to national economy. 65% of these SMEs are based in Punjab Province with Gujranwala, Gujrat and Sialkot known as Golden Tri-Angle cities due to more than 60% of E&E SMEs are based in these three cities. This research is focused on Gujranwala and Gujrat cities due to them being famous for electrical and electronics SMEs (SMEDA Report, 2007-2008.

Definition of SMEs
There is no uniform definition of SME available as it varies from country to country. The definition of SMEs is mainly based on three attributes, namely number of employees, paid-up capital and annual revenues. The definition of SMEs in Pakistan also lies on the above mentioned attributes: number of employees up to 250 people, paid-up capital up to Rs.25 million and annual sales up to Rs.250 million (Kureshi et al., 2009) Man et al., (2002 argues that success of SMEs is influenced by knowledge, experience and skills of the owners and employees. The major strength of SMEs exist in innovation, good network, unique skills, rapid communication, less bureaucracy, close contact to market and internally, etc. which is important for innovation and success (Nooteboom, 1993). Most of the research studies highlighted that SMEs has faced lack of tangible resources such as physical and financial capital; thus in this knowledge based economy the challenge for the SMEs is to utilize their intangible resources, their intellectual capital embedded in their organization (Erikson, 2002). SMEs need to be more aware of the importance and applications of intellectual capital. Intellectual capital has becomes an important determinant of competitive advantages (Chen et al., 2006).

Literature Review
There are large numbers of definition of intellectual capital available in literature. (According to Stewart (1994) intellectual capital is defined as the total stock of the collective knowledge, information, technologies, skills, expertise, intellectual property, team management and customer satisfaction that can be used to create organization wealth. Bontis et al., (2000) explained intellectual capital as submission of individual workers' and organizational knowledge that contribute to sustainable competitive advantage. Cabrita (2009) argue that there is a consensus that intellectual capital is a set of intangible resources such as capabilities, skills, and competences that drive the organizational performance and value creation (Roos and Roos, 1997;Bontis, 1998). Researchers concluded that intellectual capital is a major source for organization to gain competitive advantages in knowledge based economy; (Chen andLin, 2004 Stewart, 1997;Wall et al. 2004;Cabrita, 2009;Shaari et al., 2010). Stewart (1997) and Bontis et al., (2000) categorized intellectual capital into human capital, customer capital and structural capital.

Human Capital
According to Ding and Li (2010) human capital includes various skills, knowledge and abilities possessed by employees for the sustainable development of the enterprises. Human capital is recognized as a main component of intellectual capital (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997;Stewart, 1997;Bontis, 1998;Choo and Bontis, 2002;Shaari, et al., 2010). According to Bontis (1998) at the organizational level, human capital is considered as a source of innovation and strategic renewal. Roos and Roos (1997) and Shaari et al., (2010) stated that successful creation of intellectual capital are mainly based on the competences, attitude and intellectual agility of employees in an organization. Therefore human capital is the fundamental source of organization to create wealth.

Customer Capital
According to Bontis (1998) customer capital is defined as the knowledge embedded in the marketing channels and customer relationships. Customer capital is also one of the most important components of intellectual capital. Customer capital mainly based on marketing capability, customer loyalty, and relationship with customer and customer satisfactions (Amiri et al., 2010).

Structural Capital
Structural capital is another important ingredient for the success of organizations. It can be considered as those capabilities that remain in the organization when employees leave (Bontis, 1998). It comprises of all non-human storehouse of knowledge in organizations including organizational competitive intelligence, routine, formula, policies, procedures and databases (Salleh andSelamat, 2007, Cabrita, 2009)

Research Model and Hypothesis Development
The proposed research model is based on three independent variables namely human capital, customer capital, structural capital and one dependent variable namely organizational performance. The research model was derived from the theoretical framework of theory of intellectual capital. This model hypothesized there is a direct and positive association between intellectual capital and organizational performance (Stewart, 1997). The relationship among the variable are depicted in the figure1.  (2010) were used to get the data of SMEs operating in manufacturing sector and considered as reliable resources. According to these resources there were 223 registered electrical and electronics SMEs operating in manufacturing sector. Convenience sampling technique was used for data collection and 82 out of 200 questionnaires were returned from 50 SMEs in Gujranwala and Gujrat. The response rate was 41% which was quite satisfactory.

Reliability of the Research Instrument
The research assessed the construct reliability by using Cronbach Alpha value. The results showed human capital had a coefficient of 0.801, customer capital of 0.694, structural capital of .707 and organizational performance of 0.753. All of the scales were above the suggested value 0.5 (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994;Nunnally, 1974). Therefore it was concluded that the scales used in this research were reliable.

Findings
To test the research hypotheses Pearson correlation and multiple regression was used. The result in Table 2 shows that human capital, customer capital, and structural capital has positive relationship with organizational performance. The result shows that customer capital has stronger relationship follows by structural capital. Therefore hypothesis 1, hypothesis 2 and hypothesis 3 were accepted on the basis of empirical findings.
<Insert Table 2 here> Multiple regression analysis was used to test hypothesis 4 of the study. Namvar et al., (2010) argue that the coefficient of determination (R2) indicates the goodness of the fit of the regression model. Table 3 depicts the multiple regression results. 17.9% (R square = 0.179) of the variance in organizational performance is jointly explained by the three independent variables (F = 5.659; Sig. = 0.001). Therefore the research hypothesis 4 is also accepted and it concludes that the model is useful.
<Insert Table 3 here> The findings indicate that two variable namely customer capital and structural capital have significant impact on the organizational performance of SMEs at 95% confidence level with unstandardized beta coefficient of 0.208 (p = 0.039) and 0.168 (p = 0.049) respectively. However human capital shows insignificant impact on the organizational performance of SMEs at 95% confidence level with unstandardized beta coefficient 0.078 (p = 0.311).

Discussion
The findings of this research are consistent with previous researches. However one unexpected result shows that human capital is insignificant in regression model. The results are not surprising because the impact of intellectual capital on organizational performance can vary from organization to organizations (Bontis et al., 2000). In Pakistan most SMEs have no educated, skilled, qualified and trained employees (Fayyaz et al., 2009). This may be the major cause of this unexpected outcome for this research.

Limitations and Future Study
The study has it limitation in term of its small sample size. Therefore its applications may not be applicable for all small and medium enterprises. This study also did not cover the demographic profile of the respondents and organizations. Up to researchers' knowledge, this is the first study on intellectual capital that focused on SMEs in Pakistan. Therefore there is a lot of potential in this area. Future researchers could use similar hypotheses but implement the study in different form such as on a longitudinal rather than a cross-sectional study.

Conclusion
The findings of this research add to our understanding on the role of intellectual capital in electrical and electronics SMEs operating in manufacturing sector. This research has contributed to the body of knowledge and gives new direction to the entrepreneurs/managers to understand their organizational issues more swiftly. The finding of this research produced useful information about intellectual capital and its relationship with organizational performance of SMEs in Pakistani context.