Investigation of Nomophobia Levels of Vocational School Students According to Demographic Characteristics and Intelligent Phone Use Habits

Nomophobia, which is accepted as the disease of today, is defined as the fear of being deprived of mobile phone. The aim of this study is to reveal the changes of nomophobia levels of Vocational School students according to demographic characteristics and smartphone usage habits. The study group consisted of 250 students studying at Hendek Vocational School of Sakarya University. The research was conducted in relational survey model. In this research, Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale developed by Stone and Bibbey (2013) was used as data collection tool. The scale consists of 20 items, 5-point Likert scale “Strongly Disagree-Disagree-Undecided-Agree-Strongly Agree” was used in answering the scale items. The scale supports a single factor structure. Internal consistency coefficient was found to be excellent (α = .94) and strong correlations between items (r = .76, p <.00). According to the results of the study, there was no significant difference between demographic characteristics such as gender, age, department and nomophobia. However, the habits of using smart phones; it was found that there was a significant difference between year of use-charging intervals-checking intervals and forgetfulness panic states and nomophobia levels.


Introduction
Rapid developments and changes in information technologies have brought many changes and ease in individuals' lives. Especially mobile devices such as tablet computers, notebooks, PDAs, smart phones have become indispensable devices of our lives. It is obvious that this situation can be explained by statistical data. When TUIK 2019 data are analyzed; 98% of adults use mobile phones and 77% use smart phones. This devotion of individuals to smart phones has caused some psychological disorders.
In recent studies, it has been shown that nomophobia is effective in human life. When the field is examined; Schifferstein et al. (2006) and Lee et al. (2014) in their study, the level of nomophobia showed a significant difference in terms of female students; Kwon et al. (2013) and Takao et al. (2009) showed that the level of nomophobia is significant in terms of male students. Similar to the results of the study, Dixit et al. (2010) found that the nomophobia levels of health sciences students were not significant in terms of gender variable. Similarly; Uysal et al. (2016) by 265 students, Pavithra et al. (2015), no significant relationship was found between gender variable and nomophobia level in 200 studies.
In a survey conducted by the SecurEnvoy research company in the UK with 1000 people in 2012, 66% of the participants had high levels of nomophobia. A study on university students in France found that one out of every three students was nomophobic (Tavolacci, Meyrignac, Richard, Dechelotte, and Ladner, 2015). In their research, Kaplan-Smart and Gezgin (2016) studied 683 university students in the context of examining the relationship between the university students' nomophobia levels and different behavioral patterns. As a result; Two sub-dimensions: "inability to access information and communication" in terms of nomophobia has been found to be widespread among university students. Anshari, Alas and Sulaiman (2019) examined the effects of smartphone addiction and nomophobia on young people. As a result; feeling insecure, panic-fear-anxiety, anti-sociality, addiction-social media addiction, health problems have been put forward as the leading behaviors and symptoms of nomophobia. Burucuoğlu (2017) conducted a research on the nomophobia levels of vocational high school students. As a result, it was found that the nomophobia levels of associate degree students were above average. In addition, significant differences were found between male and female individuals in terms of nomophobia levels.
Celik and Atilla (2018) worked with 311 Vocational High School students to investigate the relationship between university students' nomophobia, emotion regulation difficulty and academic achievement. According to the findings of the study, it was seen that female students had higher nomophobia levels than male students in terms of gender. In addition, the findings revealed that they were nomophobic, frequently checking their mobile phones during the day, spending most of their time on the internet, carrying a charger, and checking their mobile phones as soon as woke up. There was a statistically significant and positive weak relationship between nomophobia and emotion regulation difficulty. For all that there was no statistically significant relationship between academic achievement and nomophobia and emotion regulation difficulty.
In his research, Akman (2019) investigated the effect of the no mobile phone (nomophobia) on the academic achievement of university students. In this context, students of Suleyman Demirel University, political science and public administration departments were studied. As a result, students were found to be extremely nomophobic. Female students were more nomophobic than male students. As a result of the analysis, no correlation was found between the levels of nomophobia and achievement levels.

Method
This research was carried out with relational scanning method, one of the quantitative research methods. The relational screening method is used to determine the relationships between variables and to predict possible outcomes (Cresswell, 2017).

Data Collection Tool
In this research, Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale developed by Stone and Bibbey (2013) was used as data collection tool. The scale consists of 20 items, 5-point Likert scale "Strongly Disagree-Disagree-Undecided-Agree-Strongly Agree" was used in answering the scale items. The scale supports a single factor structure. Internal consistency coefficient was found to be excellent (α = .94) and strong correlations between items ( = .76, p <.00). Factor loads of the scale items ranged from .66 to .93. As a result, the related scale can be considered as a powerful scale that tests Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP.

Analysis of Data
SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 23 was used to evaluate the data obtained from the study and to form the tables. Percentage (%), mean (x̄), frequency (f) and standard deviation (SD) were used in the analysis of the data collected to respond to sub-objectives. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p> .05 value was obtained; according to this it was accepted that the data shows normal distribution. In this context, parametric tests; One Way Anova test was used. The general average was taken into account in explaining the differences of the data.
In all statistical analyzes, the value of .05 was accepted as the level of significance. The mean and standard deviation values of the items for the related questionnaire are presented with the help of tables.

Sample Group
In forming the sample group, proper sampling was used within the scope of purposeful sampling method in order to reach the purpose appropriately and easily. Appropriate sampling involves taking sampling elements that are easily accessible to the researcher (Monette, Sullivan and Dejong, 2005).
The sample of the study consists of 250 students studying at different departments in Hendek Vocational School of Sakarya University in the fall semester of 2019-2020.
Demographic data of Vocational School students are as follows:

Gender
Of the 250 students who participated in the study, 189 were female and 61 were male.

Age
The sample consisted of 250 students who participated in the study, it was found that the age of 244 was in the range of "18-20" and 6 of them were in the range of "20 years and over".

Department
The sample consisted of 250 students who participated in the study, it was found that the department of 120 were "computer programming"; 44 were "construction" ; 49 were "electronic"; 37 were "machine".

Computer Education
It was found that the majority of the 250 students (166 students) from the sample group who participated in the study received computer education. When the table above is examined, it is found that the most used social media tool of the students participating in the research is "Instagram". It has been determined that the duration of charging the smart phones of the students participating in the research is often "less than 2 hours". 3.6 More than 2 3 1.2 Total 250 100 When the table above is examined, it is determined that the number of smart phones used by the students is often "1".  Table 8 shows that the majority of students are "panic" when they forget their smart phones at home or at work. 250 100 When the above table is examined, it is determined that the students who participated in the research mostly use their smart phones for "social media ". Table 12. 2.80 1.07 For 20 items and 3 dimensions, it was found that the mean values varied between 4.09 and 1.63. Score limits used in the interpretation of the results; "Strongly Disagree: 1.00-1.79"; "I disagree: 1.80-2.59"; "Undecided: 2.60-3.39"; "I agree: 3.40-4.19"; "Strongly Agree: 4.20-5.00" (Buyukozturk, 2013) values have been accepted. In this context, since the overall average of all items for the related scale is 2.80, it is understood that the students' responses are generally focused on the "Undecided" option.

The Results of the Analysis of the Scale Items (Mean (x̄) and Standard Deviation (SD) values) are Given in
The scale with the highest average of 20 items "I use my smartphone when I need to do work or school work" although; the lowest average of the substance; "I almost caused an accident while using my smartphone" it was determined. From these results, it is understood that the students involved in the research are not smartphone addicts.

The Effect of Demographic Characteristics of Students on Nomophobia Levels
One-way Anova test was used to determine whether the demographic characteristics of the students had a significant effect on nomophobia levels. One Way Anova test; It is a test conducted to determine the effect of an independent variable with three or more levels on a continuous dependent variable (Buyukozturk, 2013). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it was found that nomophobia levels of students had no significant effect on gender (p>.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it has been shown that nomophobia levels of students do not have a significant effect according to age (p>.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it has been shown that nomophobia levels of students do not have a significant effect according to departments (p>.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it has been shown that nomophobia levels of students do not have a significant effect according to give computer education (p>.05).

The Effect of Students' Smartphone Usage Habits on Nomophobia Levels
One-way ANOVA test was used to determine whether the nomophobia levels of the students differed according to smartphone usage habits (smartphone usage year, charging interval, smartphone control interval). The results of these analyzes are given below. According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it has been shown that nomophobia levels of students have a significant effect on smartphone usage year (p <.05). .08350 .0409 According to Scheffe test results; between levels of nomophobia and years of smartphone use; there was a significant difference between 1-2 years and 5-6 years of use (p <.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; students' nomophobia levels were found to have a significant effect on the interval of charging smart phones (p <.05).  Table 18.1 is examined, according to Scheffe test results; charging times for smartphones with nomophobia levels; there was a significant difference in charge intervals between 1 time and 4 times and more a day (p <.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it was revealed that the students' levels of nomophobia had a significant effect on the interval of check their smart phones (p <.05).  Table 19.1 is examined, according to Scheffe test results; control of smartphones with nomophobia levels; There was a significant difference between the control intervals every 5 min to 60 min, every 2 hours, every 3 hours and every 4 hours (p <.05). According to the results of one-way ANOVA test; it was revealed that the students' nomophobia levels had a significant effect according to their panic status when they forgot their smart phones (p <.05). As shown in the table above, a positive and significant relationship was found between students' nomophobia levels and smartphone charging intervals (r =.230 and p <0.01). As shown in the table above, a positive and significant relationship was found between students' nomophobia levels and smartphone checking intervals (r =.302 and p <0.01). As shown in the table above, a positive and significant relationship was found between students' nomophobia levels and panic status (r =.236 and p <0.01).

Result and Discussion
In this study, which was tried to determine the nomophobia levels of the students, the appropriate sampling method was used as the sampling method and in this context, 250 students from different departments of Sakarya University Hendek Vocational School were studied. The results of the research are given below: In this study, it has been tried to determine the changes in nomophobia levels of students according to demographic characteristics and smartphone usage habits. Accordingly, it was revealed that the most used social media tool of the students was "Instagram". Instagram was founded in 2010 by two entrepreneurs named Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. Previously a free photo sharing and photo editing application made for iphone, then this application has become available on android platform devices. As the celebrities shared their daily life photos through this software, there was a rapid increase in the number of followers on Instagram. Instagram can be viewed within the scope of photo and video sharing networks within social media networks (Can, 2017) and on the basis of photo sharing, it has become one of the increasingly widespread social media channels with access in the global world (Latif and Safiee, 2015). Today it is the fastest growing social networking site globally. As a similar result, Kuyucu (2016) found that instagram was the most commonly used social media environment for university students. In their research, Ibiş and Engin (2016) found that the most commonly used social media environment of university students was "facebook".
When the smartphone usage habits of the students were examined; it was determined that the smartphone usage year was between "5-6 years". As a similar result, Sırakaya (2018) found that the density of smartphone use of associate degree students is 5 years or more. The control interval of the students' smart phones is often determined as bir every 60 minutes. Contrary to this result, Sırakaya showed that this control period is usually 1-19 minutes. Studies have shown that the majority of smartphone users do not hang up even at night (Dixit et al., 2010;Kaur et al., 2015;King et al., 2013). Contrary to these findings, it is understood that the students involved in the research are not smartphone addicts.
The frequency of students charging their smartphones is "less than 2 hours"; their daily use was determined as "5-6 hours". In addition, the number of smartphone owned by the majority of students was determined to be "1 number". According to TurkStat (2019) data, 98% of adult people use mobile phones, 77% of them use smart phones. Apart from these, it was found that individuals spend an average of 7 hours per day on the internet and spend an average of 2 hours 46 minutes on social media, 3 hours 9 minutes on television and 1 hour 15 minutes of listening to music per day. Durak and Seferoglu (2018) found that the majority of middle school students use their smart phones less than 1 hour daily and frequently check them at 2-3 hour intervals.
In the research, it was revealed that the majority of students don't keep the internet open on their smart phones. The aims of using the internet are mostly defined as "social media". Most of the students stated that they did not experience panic when they forgot their smart phones in one place, they did not use their smart phones while they were driving and they did not write mail-text-messages. These results support that the students involved in the research are not smartphone addicts.
In this research, the scale with the highest average of 20 items "I use my smartphone when I need to do work or school work" although; the lowest average of the substance; "I almost caused an accident while using my smartphone" it was determined. From these results, it is understood that the students involved in the research are not smartphone addicts.
In terms of evaluating the effect of demographic characteristics of students on nomophobia levels, it was revealed that students' nomophobia levels had no significant effect on their gender. Yılmaz, Köse and Doğru (2018) found that women's nomophobia levels differ significantly from men. When a comparison was made between the dimensions in terms of gender variable, a significant difference was found between men and women in the dimensions of "loss of communication and lack of device". Nomophobia levels of loss of communication and device deprivation in were significantly higher in women than men. In addition, it was found that nomophobia levels of the students had no significant effect according to age and departments. Yilmaz, Kose and Dogru (2018) have revealed a negative and significant relationship between age and nomophobia in their research.
In the study, in the context of examining nomophobia levels of students according to smartphone usage habits; It was found that there was a significant difference between students' smartphone usage year, charging intervals, control time, panic state when they left their smart phones somewhere and their nomophobia levels. In addition, Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between these variables. There was a significant and positive relationship between the related variables and students' nomophobia levels. When the literature is examined, Sırakaya (2018) found that there is a significant difference between the range of controlling smartphones and nomophobia, and that as the frequency of controlling increases, nomophobia increases.

Suggestions
Suggestions put forward according to the results of the research are presented below:  The effects of smart phones on human life and the features that facilitate social life are undeniable. In addition, the presence of many entertainment-based applications in smartphones do not influence users. This may lead to many negative psychological problems such as asociality, loneliness and depression.
In this context, users should not be exposed to smart phones continuously in their spare time, they should be open to real social relations.  In this study, it was determined that the students were not dependent in terms of using smart phones and their nomophobia levels were not high level. However, it is seen that this concept has become widespread especially among young people today. Especially considering the time periods when they use smart phones, it is recommended to raise awareness of young people by experts in this field and to organize awareness activities by relevant institutions and organizations.