Trends, Issues, and Community Participation in to Prevent Sexual Violence in Children at Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta

Objective: Violence in children is a phenomenon like an iceberg, more victims do not report than report to related parties. This study will observe the trends of sexual violence that occurred in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta City in 2015-2018, and see community participation in preventing sexual violence against children to provide advice for policymakers in making regulations regarding sexual violence against children to create a bright generation. Method: This research was a descriptive cohort study with a survey method. The sample of the research was 321 children aged 2-18 years in Sleman Regency. This research was done from 2015 to 2018. The data was collected then processed by using linear regression analysis. Result: The regression coefficient of the relationship variable with the victim has a positive but very weak effect on sexual violence in children, 2, 419 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.006-0.061, which means that the relationship with the victim increases the number of child abuse by 2.419%. The coefficient of the location of the incident has a positive effect on sexual violence on children, 2, 800 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.12 to 0.70, which means the location of the effect on the incidence of sexual violence on children. Conclusion: Victims of violence that occur in girls in the elementary-junior high school age range, the Government of Sleman Yogyakarta through the Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) provides counseling to restore children’s mentality so that they can return to society in good condition and avoid violence sexual future. For children to avoid sexual violence against children, sexual education needs to be given starting from the basic layer, namely the family level, besides that parents must be able to play a maximum role in giving attention and protection to realize safety for children.


Introduction
Various negative phenomena occur in children, including sexual violence on children which is very common, both at school, at home, and in public places. The National Women's Commission mentions 15 forms of sexual violence namely rape, sexual harassment, sexual exploitation, sexual torture, sexual slavery, intimidation / sexual assault including threats or attempted rape, forced prostitution, forced coercion, forced coercion, abortion, coercion of marriage, trafficking of women for purposes of rape sexual, sexual control including coercion to wear clothing and criminalization of women through discriminatory rules based on morality and religion, punishment inhumane and sexual nuances, traditional sexual practices that endanger or discriminate against women who were last forced to use contraception/sterilization (Ministry of Women and Child Empowerment, 2016;Ministry of Health, 2015;Tedja, 2016). be given psychological therapy so that children continue to be enthusiastic in managing their future days (Fauziah, Arini, & Santoso, 2015). The government has made regulations to protect children from violence so that they can guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop and participate optimally according to human dignity and dignity and get protection from violence and discrimination (Mardina, 2018a;Fariani & Paramastri, 2015).
In dealing with sexual violence against children, parents must know to be more open and informative to children, especially regarding sexual education to provide maximum assistance to avoid children from sexual abuse (Kirby, 2002). Parents play the role of providing initial information about sexual education in children to be one of the factors that will affect the development of life in children in the future (Naluria & Penny, 2018). The responsibility of children is not only held by their respective parents. In the Child Protection Act, all levels of society are required to take an active role in protecting Indonesian children including the school and the wider community. Especially for environments that have a history of child sexual abuse. The community has a very strong contribution in efforts to prevent sexual violence against children. An environment which is considered safe for children may not be safe, because crime can be done because of the opportunity, for that, the community together must narrow the space for potential sexual offenders, by both caring and willing to open their voices when they see distorted things happen (Shrivastava, Karia, & Sonavane, 2017) .
Government programs related to efforts to prevent and eradicate violence or sexual crimes against children, both directly and indirectly have been implemented. The concept of nurturing involves the role of parents in assisting and guiding all stages of a child's growth, caring for, protecting, and directing the new life of the child in each of its developments. Care is closely related to the ability of family and community in terms of providing attention, time, support to meet the physical, mental, and emotional and social needs of children who are in their infancy (Ministry of Health, 2015;Mardina, 2018a).
Based on data from the Office of Community Empowerment and Women (KPMP) of Yogyakarta City, in 2011 there were 142 cases of violence against children, this case increased in 2012 by 265 cases. In 2013 there were 691 cases, in 2014 there were 642 cases and in 2015 there were 626 cases. In the 2010 BPPM report cases of sexual violence against children that could be handled by the authorities in the city of Yogyakarta were 178 cases (Women's and Community Empowerment Agency, 2015a; Ministry of Women and Child Empowerment, 2016). The child protection commission shows that violence against children increased in 2015 with 2,989 reports of violence against children, 62% were sexual crimes. This data increased from 2,737 reports in the previous year and did not rule out the possibility of many unreported incidents. According to the Women's and Community Empowerment Agency in 2016, 356 cases of sexual violence occurred in Sleman Regency in 2014 while in 2015 it increased to 620 cases. Perpetrators of sexual violence against children consist of adults and children. Also, most perpetrators are close to the victim or in the same neighborhood as the victim (Kirby, 2002;Fentahun, Assefa, & Alemseged, 2012;Mardina, 2018b). The strategy of implementing child protection activities among regional apparatus organizations (OPD) in Sleman Regency has different roles and functions, but in the implementation, there is always coordination by the responsibilities of each village apparatus so that the number of sexual violence against children in Sleman Regency decreases. There has been no research on trends and issues of sexual violence against children in Indonesia, this study will provide an overview of sexual violence against children during the last three years, especially in the Sleman Regency of Yogyakarta Special Region so that people are more aware of the impact of sexual violence on children.

Research Methods
This research method is descriptive with the main objective to provide an objective, natural, and human engineering description of trends in sexual violence against children in the Sleman Regency. Taking data from analysis units or samples from existing populations then these samples are generalized as populations and use a questionnaire to collect the main data. This research was carried out based on existing documents in the Technical Implementation Unit of the Women's Protection Area for Children (UPTD PPA) Sleman Regency from 2015-2018 with a population of children aged 2-18 years in Sleman Regency Yogyakarta Special Region. The sample of the study was 321 children aged 2-18 years in Sleman Regency.
The data used are secondary data obtained by the UPTD PPA which is a unit of the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office for Population and Family Planning Control (P3AP2KB Office) from 2015-2018. The data collected was then analyzed using frequency distribution techniques in the basic data including gender, education, relationship with victims, and age. A Chi-square correlation test is used to determine the relationship of each dependent and independent variable. Finally, the linear regression test is to find out how much influence the independent variable has on the dependent variable. This study also uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type to explore issues related to sexual violence in children and the form of community participation in the prevention of violence against children to describe the current situation of sexual violence against children and community participation.

Figure. Trend of Violence Victims in Children by Gender Period 2015-2018
Women tend to be weaker than men, especially in cases of violence, in 2015 there were 124 victims of violence against girls, this case declined slightly until 2018 to 108 victims. Victims of sexual violence not only occurred in girls, but boys who were registered as victims of violence in 2015 were also 33 victims, this case has increased to 65 cases in 2018.  The highest number of locations of occurrence of violence in children in schools is 62 cases, this number continues to increase from year to year. Lack of supervision of children at school creates opportunities for perpetrators of violence against children. Besides that, the number of teachers and employees that are not proportional to the number of students causes the low quality of supervision in schools. The location of the second most violent incidents is in the household but this number continues to decline from 2015 to 2018. The awareness of victims to report these incidents has deterred the perpetrators from being violent.   Sex with sexual violence in children has a significant relationship (p = 0.00). Girls who were victims of violence in this study most often occurred in kindergarten and elementary school age. Girls become a group that is very vulnerable to sexual violence because children are always positioned as physically, mentally and socially weak so that they have a high dependency on the adults around them. This condition causes the victim to be dominated and have difficulty to reveal it . Often sexual violence is carried out under violence and followed by threats so that victims are not. However, not a few perpetrators of sexual violence against children do this action without violence but use psychological manipulation by controlling children so that children are easily cheated, threatened with violence or non-violence to follow the wishes of the perpetrators. Children as individuals who have not reached the level of maturity, have not been able to judge something like a trick or not (Ministry of Women and Child Empowerment, 2016;Choudhry, 2018). The relationship between the victim and the incidence of sexual violence against children has a significant relationship (0.00). The close relationship referred to in this study is the victim's girlfriend. Close relationships with peers encourage conformity, causing negative behavior that leads to sexual activity. The distance between a child's home and the adjacent offender and often playing together becomes an easy cause for perpetrators of violence to invite and force the victim to follow his orders. Behavior like this can be repeated and encroach on the treatment of sexual violence.
The location of the incident was related to child sexual abuse with a significance value of 0.00 <0.05. Location is a causal factor that becomes a supporting factor for sexual violence because a safe place makes it easy for the offender to do everything he wants. Lack of supervision of children at school creates opportunities for perpetrators of violence against children. Besides that, the number of teachers and employees that are not proportional to the number of students causes the low quality of supervision in schools. According to Mannon, et al., School locations that are often used by perpetrators of sexual violence in children are toilets and school health unit. The regression coefficient of the relationship variable with the victim has a positive but very weak effect on sexual violence in children, 2, 419 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.006-0.061, which means that the relationship with the victim increases the rate of violence on children by 2, 419%. The coefficient of the location of the incident has a positive effect on sexual violence on children, 2, 800 with a confidence level of 95% at the limit of 0.12 to 0.70, which means the location of the effect on the incidence of sexual violence on children.
The absence of social control is the originator of the occurrence of sexual violence on children. In the pattern of sexual abuse outside the family, the offender is usually an adult who is known by the child and has built relationships with the child and then entices the child into situations where the sexual abuse is committed, often by giving certain rewards that the child does not get in his home. Children usually remain silent because if they are known they are afraid that it will trigger anger from their parents. Also, some parents sometimes care less about where and with whom their children spend their time. Another factor that affects sexual violence on children is the availability of locations that are considered safe by perpetrators to carry out sexual violence against children. In Indonesia, places that are usually used as locations for sexual violence are schools: toilets, school health units, libraries, laboratories, and classrooms.

Trends of Sexual Violence in Children
Sexual violence is carried out under violence and is followed by threats so that victims are helpless. This condition causes the victim to be dominated and have difficulty to reveal it. However, not a few perpetrators of sexual violence against children do this action without violence, but by using psychological manipulation. Children are gjhs.ccsenet.org Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 12, No. 8;2020 deceived, so they follow their desires. Children as individuals who have not reached the level of maturity have not been able to judge something like a trick or not. Sexual violence against children can be seen from a biological and social perspective, all of which are related to the psychological impact on children (Fentahun, Assefa, & Alemseged, 2012;Choudhry, 2018).
Biologically, the vital organs of a child before entering puberty are not prepared for sexual intercourse but if forced can damage the sexual tissue of an immature child. Meanwhile, from a social point of view, sexual drive is acted in secret, of course, the perpetrator does not want to be known by others. Perpetrators will try to make victims not to tell this to anyone (Irish & Kobayashi, 2010;Simons, 2013). One of the most possible ways to do this is to intimidate. When a child is threatened than at that time naturally the child's body also defends or rejects it. When the biological body of a child refuses, then coercion carried out by a pedophile will increasingly cause injury and pain. When that means violence occurs. This pain and threat is certainly a traumatic experience for children (Tanaka, Suzuki, Aoyama, & Takaoka, 2017).
The child will always experience the feeling of being gripped until the child dares to seek protection while to say, the child is always haunted by intimidation and threats from the offender. Pain and intimidation can also be an effect of psychological violence on children. In carrying out sexual violence against children, there are usually stages carried out by perpetrators. In this case, it is possible that the offender tried the behavior to measure the victim's comfort. If the victim complies, the violence will continue and be intensive, in the form of 1) Nudity; 2) Disrobing; 3) Genital exposure; 4) Observation of the child (when bathing, naked, and when defecating); 5) Kissing children who wear underwear; 6) Fondling (groping the victim's chest, genitals, thighs, and buttocks); 7) Masturbation; 8) Fellatio (stimulation of the penis, victim or the perpetrator himself); 9) Cunnilingus (stimulation of the vulva or vaginal area, on the victim or perpetrator); 10) Digital penetration (in the anus or rectum); 11) Penile penetration (in the vagina); 12) Digital penetration (in the vagina); 13). Penile penetration (in the anus or rectum); 14) Dry intercourse (stroking the offender's penis or other genital areas, thigh, or buttocks of the victim) (Fariani & Paramastri, 2015;Mardina, 2018a).
Seeing the impact caused by sexual violence experienced by children who are victims, then in handling sexual violence against children is very important the active role of society, individuals, and government. A system-based approach is needed in dealing with child sexual violence. An effective child protection system requires interrelated components. These components include a social welfare system for children and families, a justice system that complies with international standards, and mechanisms to encourage appropriate behavior in society. Besides, a legal and policy framework is needed that supports and data and information systems for child protection (Fauziah, Arini, & Santoso, 2015).

Issues of Sexual Violence in Children
The issue of child sexual abuse based on the results of interviews with stakeholders who are members of the forum for handling victims of violence (FPKK) in Sleman Regency related to violence against children including sexual violence that continues to occur, among others, caused: "The internet and social media are very influential on children's development, how to control and monitor smartphone usage. in children." One of the things considered to trigger sexual violence against children is technological advances. The rise of sexual violence against children when viewed from the side of the perpetrators is related to the ease of obtaining information, especially concerning pornography and porno-action. This condition is extraordinarily massive with the presence of increasingly sophisticated and proliferating mobile phones among the people so that it affects access to pornography that is easily accessible and cannot be controlled. Related to this problem, the child protection agency (LPA) invites the community to combat sexual violence against children and also calls for violence and sexual harassment to occur anytime, anywhere and to anyone. Both biological children, and children around us. The threat to child sexual violence is everywhere, at any level, any social stratum is always there (Naluria & Penny, 2018).
According to stakeholders who are members of the forum for handling victims of violence (FPKK) in Sleman Regency (Police PPA Unit): so that in some cases there was sexual violence against children in these locations. Besides that, Sleman Regency also has many tourist attractions so there are so many hotels with various categories in some cases of sexual violence against children in that location. "Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is still the destination of the visit tourists, both from foreign countries and the archipelago. The tourism potential in DIY is quite diverse, there are many interesting tourism objects to visit, including Sleman Regency". As its development, Sleman becomes a city of education and tourism (Tedja, 2016). Tourism development in addition to having a positive impact on development programs. Along with the rapid development of entertainment venues, lodging, and other facilities which basically aims to attract tourists, but on the other hand, cause social change in society.
Changes that occur such as lifestyle, how to dress, free life behavior to the individualist attitude and materialism shown by the community (Fariani & Paramastri, 2015) .

Community Participation in Preventing Sexual Violence Against Children
The community has an effort to protect children from sexual crimes by forming a rapid reaction team to protect children. The team is tasked with conducting prevention and early detection of sexual crimes in the neighborhood. The team can be formed at the village or neighborhood level (RT) by involving youth clubs, RT heads, village heads, PKK, and local environmental security officers. They play a role in conducting socialization, education, and information on reproductive health. The impact of sexual crimes on child development and child empowerment is given periodically. The aim is to change the views of some people who still consider sexuality as a taboo (Trimaya, 2016).
The presence of cadres, especially cadres from women including institutions or mass organizations at the village or kelurahan level is expected to play an active role in taking part in preventing acts of violence against children.
Since children mostly grow and develop within the family and the surrounding environment, the role of village activists is very important especially to build a collective awareness of the community about the needs and rights of children who must be protected from various forms of violence, intimidation, and exploitation. Not only parents or immediate family can do violence but anyone can be a perpetrator so prevention of violence can be done by fostering the closeness of children with parents from birth.
The stakeholders of the Sleman Regency (UPTD PPA) forum for handling victims of violence (FPKK) said: "PKDRT cadres can be escorted if necessary to report, provide education to the community to prevent cases of violence against women and children. Acts of domestic violence are closely related to behaviors and events that are very likely to be found in daily life, PKDRT cadres in Sleman Regency which are spread over 86 villages from 17 sub-districts are the spearhead in preventing domestic violence. Besides, they have the task of detecting and handling victims of domestic violence including sexual violence against children. "Government socialization has been running since the regulation on child protection was imposed but the awareness of the village community to participate is still small so it needs to be balanced with the synergy between layers of society to make it more optimal. The effort can be in the form of providing character education in all elements of government and school children by limiting night spots for children, limiting the use of motorbikes and cellphones." The government needs to change the pattern of socialization in the field so that the core of education to foster community participation in preventing violence against children can be conveyed (Naluria & Penny, 2018;Fauziah, Arini, & Santoso, 2015; Women's and Community Empowerment Agency, 2015b).
The stakeholders of the Sleman Regency District Violence Management (FPKK) forum (PPA P3P2KB Department) said: "The Sleman Regency Government, Special Region of Yogyakarta, initiated child-friendly villages accompanied by the Community-Based Integrated Child Protection Movement (PATBM). The initial step that has been taken is to establish a Guideline for the Development of the Integrated Child Protection Movement for the Community "PATBM Sumringah" Through the Decree of the Head of DP3AP2KB number 101 / Kep.Kadin / 2017." The PPA Task Force is a tangible form of community participation in preventing violence against children.
Promotive and preventive efforts on child sex crime, the National Movement Against Sexual Crimes Against Children (GN AKSA) is carried out starting from the family, school, and community. In the family environment, parents play an important role in determining the attitude and character of children. Parents must provide children with the right information and knowledge about sex provided early on in the right way and time following the level of development and maturity of the child so that children will be able to prepare themselves in facing various threats that will harm their future. Two-way communication between parents and children is also needed because children are now more vulnerable to problems. Also, children's efforts need to be made because the influence of television and cyberspace is very large (Shields, 2016) Concern and the active role of all levels of society are needed in protecting the rights of children. But to be able to play an active role in the protection program, the community needs to be given guidance and insight knowledge, especially about the needs, parenting, environment, and fulfillment of the basic rights of children. Given that most children grow and develop in the family and neighborhood.

Conclusion
Sexual violence often occurs in girls, the location of this incident is mostly in schools and households. Children need to be equipped with sexual education so that children can fortify themselves from sexual violence committed by adults including those closest to them, besides that the control of the community needs to be improved so that children can grow and develop properly under the stage of their age regardless of the threat and intimidation of sexual violence. The family environment is the basis of education as well as protection so that children feel safe and comfortable to express what they have experienced. Communities in Sleman Regency actively participate as PKDRT cadres and PPA Task Force while in schools children-friendly schools are developed. From the health sector, all Community Health Centre (Puskesmas) in Sleman Regency has adopted the principle of being Child-Friendly Puskesmas.